San Xavier Cooperative Farm Rehabilitation Final Environmental Assessment U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Lower Colorado Region Phoenix Area Office Phoenix, Arizona July 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 PURPOSE AND NEED .........................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................1 1.2 Background..............................................................................................................1 1.3 Purpose and Need for Action...................................................................................3 1.4 Project Area.............................................................................................................4 1.5 Public Involvement ..................................................................................................5 1.6 Decision to be Made ................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES...............................................................9 2.1 Proposed Action.......................................................................................................9 2.1.1 Water Distribution System.......................................................................................9 2.1.2 Field Irrigation Systems.........................................................................................12 2.1.3 Flood Protection.....................................................................................................12 2.1.4 Farm Roads............................................................................................................15 2.1.5 Farm Administration Building...............................................................................15 2.1.6 Crop Mix and Organic Production.........................................................................15 2.1.7 Water Budget.........................................................................................................16 2.2 No Action...............................................................................................................17 2.3 Alternatives Considered but Not Analyzed in Detail ............................................17 2.4 Comparison of Alternatives ...................................................................................18 CHAPTER 3 S AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ..........................................................................................................25 3.1 Land Use................................................................................................................25 3.1.1 Affected Environment............................................................................................25 3.1.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................................26 3.1.3 Mitigation...............................................................................................................27 3.2 Water Resources....................................................................................................27 3.2.1 Affected Environment............................................................................................27 3.2.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................................32 3.2.3 Mitigation...............................................................................................................34 3.3 Geology and Soils..................................................................................................37 3.3.1 Affected Environment............................................................................................37 3.3.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................................38 3.3.3 Mitigation...............................................................................................................39 3.4 Biological Resources.............................................................................................39 3.4.1 Affected Environment............................................................................................41 3.4.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................................46 3.4.3 Mitigation...............................................................................................................52 3.5 Cultural Resources.................................................................................................55 3.5.1 Affected Environment............................................................................................57 3.5.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................................59 3.5.3 Mitigation...............................................................................................................62 3.6 Air Quality.............................................................................................................64 3.6.1 Affected Environment............................................................................................64 3.6.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................................66 3.6.3 Mitigation...............................................................................................................72 3.7 Socioeconomic Resources.....................................................................................72 3.7.1 Affected Environment............................................................................................72 3.7.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................................73 3.7.3 Mitigation...............................................................................................................74 3.8 Noise......................................................................................................................74 3.8.1 Affected Environment............................................................................................74 3.8.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................................76 3.8.3 Mitigation...............................................................................................................78 3.9 Indian Trust Assets ................................................................................................78 3.9.1 Affected Environment............................................................................................78 3.9.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................................79 3.9.3 Mitigation...............................................................................................................79 3.10 Environmental Justice............................................................................................79 3.10.1 Affected Environment............................................................................................79 3.10.2 Environmental Consequences................................................................................80 3.10.3 Mitigation...............................................................................................................80 CHAPTER 4 S AGENCIES AND PERSONS CONSULTED .................................................81 CHAPTER 5 S RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND DIRECTIVES …………...82 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)(42 U.S.C 4321, et seq.) ..............................82 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (FWCA) (PL 85-624)...............................................82 Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA)(PL 93-205) ........................................................82 Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA)..................................................................................83 Clean Air Act (CAA) ........................................................................................................83 Clean Water Act (CWA)(33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.)............................................................83 National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)(PL 89-665)..................................................83 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)..........................................................84 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) .........................................84 Farmland Protection Policy Act (FFPA) ………………………………………………...84 Executive Order (EO) 11988 (Floodplain Management) ..................................................84 Executive Order (EO) 11990 (Wetlands) ..........................................................................84 Executive Order (EO) 12898 (Environmental Justice)......................................................85 Executive Order (EO) 11988 (Floodplain Management) ..................................................85 Department of Interior, Secretarial Order, Indian Trust Assets.........................................85 CHAPTER 6 S LITERATURE CITED.....................................................................................86 APPENDICES A. TOUA Groundwater Quality Data B. CAP Water Quality Data C. CAP Water Salinity Data D. Common Plant and Animal Species E. Special Status Plants of the Tohono O’odham Nation F. PM10