Intelligence & Testing Defining Intelligence Content validity Is the test comprehensive? Deviation IQ score Individual score divided by averge group score * 100 Charles Spearman Used factor analysis to Concurrent validity Do results match other tests (1863-1945) identify g-factor (general done at the same time? Normal / Bell / Gaussian Symmetrical bell-shaped intelligence) Curve distribution of scores Predictive validity Do test results predict Louis Leon Thurstone Proposed 7 primary mental future outcomes? Lewis Terman Stanford-Binet Intelligence (1887-1955) abilities (1877-1956) Scale; longitudinal study of Reliability Same object, same measure high IQ children Howard Gardner Modular theory of 8 → same score multiple intelligences David Wechsler Developed several IQ tests; Split-half reliability Randomly split test items (1896-1981) WAIS, WISC, WPPSI Prodigy Child with high ability in → similar scores for each ½ one area; normal in others Intellectual Giftedness IQ ≥ 130; associated with Test-retest reliability Retake test; compare scores Savant High ability in one area; many positive outcomes low/disability in others Equivalent form Alternate test versions Intellectual Disability (ID) IQ ≤ 70; difficulties living reliability receive similar scores Robert Sternberg Triarchic theory: independently analytical, creative, & Standardization Rules for administering, Down Syndrome Extra 21st chromosome; practical intelligences scoring, & interpreting mild/moderate ID, (norms) test Emotional Intelligence Ability to recognize, characteristic facial features express, manage, & use Williams Syndrome Mild/moderate ID; high emotions friendliness, love of music Fluid vs. Crystallized Ability to solve new Heritability Score Indicates proportion of the Intelligence problems & use new h2 variation in a trait (in a Raymond Cattell (1905- approaches vs. knowledge population) explained by 1998) & skills acquired over time genetic differences; 0 to 1 Eugenics Movement to “improve” Psychometrics & Testing Greek “good stock” gene pool via artificial Psychometrics Study & design of testing selection for abilities & traits The Flynn Effect Rise in avg IQ ~3 pts per Power How well an assessment Intelligence Testing James Flynn decade; likely Env. factors can differentiate results Francis Galton Father of psychometrics; (nutrition, education, etc.) Achievement test Measures knowledge or (1822-1911) invented calculation of Self-fulfilling Prophecy Expectations actually cause skills previously learned correlation desired outcome/results Aptitude test Predicts potential ability Binet-Simon Test (Alfred Assessment designed to Fixed vs. Growth Mindset Belief abilities are Binet & Theodore Simon) place French schoolchildren Carol Dweck unchanging vs. malleable Validity Does a test measure what it is intended to measure? Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Score representing general Stereotype Threat Pressure of confirming a mental ability Claude Steele & Joshua negative stereotype reduces Construct validity Is test related to property? Ratio IQ score Mental age divided by Aronson, 1995 performance Face validity Does test appear relevant? chronological age * 100 wwww.psychexamreview.com.