UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY School of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Water Resources Management in Agricultural Watersheds using Remote Sensing Marios Spiliotopoulos PhD thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Thessaly. Volos, December 2014 Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 09:31:54 EET - 137.108.70.7 ii Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 09:31:54 EET - 137.108.70.7 UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY School of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Water Resources Management in Agricultural Watersheds using Remote Sensing Marios Spiliotopoulos PhD thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Thessaly. Volos, December 2014 Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 09:31:54 EET - 137.108.70.7 ii Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 09:31:54 EET - 137.108.70.7 PREFACE Preface The present thesis “Water Resources Management in Agricultural Watersheds using Remote Sensing” has been submitted as a requirement for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Thessaly (UTH). The main supervisor was Professor Athanasios Loukas (UTH), and co-supervisors were Associate Professor Nikitas Mylopoulos (UTH) and Assistant Professor Hara Michalopoulou (UOA). The thesis is organized as the main part and the annexes. The main part contains an introduction with the objectives, review of existing work, methodology, results and discussion, and finally conclusions and perspectives. The Annexes encompasses external tables and methodologies closely related with the main part of this thesis. The study has taken place at the Department of Civil Engineering from October 2007 to September 2014. An external research stay of one month was spent at School of Biosystems Engineering, University College Dublin, Ireland (UCD) with Professor Nick Holden as the Host (supervisor). The research was supported by STSM COST ES1106: “Assessment of EUROpean AGRIculture WATer use and trade under climate change (EURO-AGRIWAT)”. A part of this thesis is a contribution to the projects: “Sustainable Use of Irrigation Water in the Mediterranean Region (SIRRIMED)” – FP7-KBBE-2009-3 – Proposal Reference Number: FP7-245159, and “Development of an integrated system for monitoring and managing the quantity and quality of water resources in rural catchments under climate change. Application in the basin of Lake Karla (YdroMentor)" – Greek Ministry of Education – NSRF 2007-2013 (09ΣΥΝ-31-992). Volos, December 2014 Marios Spiliotopoulos iii Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 09:31:54 EET - 137.108.70.7 Declaration The material contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted by the candidate for a degree in this or any other University. iv Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 09:31:54 EET - 137.108.70.7 Acknowledgments First of all I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Athanasios Loukas, as well as Assoc. Prof. Nikitas Mylopoulos, and Ass. Prof. Hara Michalopoulou for their endless guidance and advice. I would also like to thank Prof. N.R. Dalezios for all these years of cooperation, as well as Dr. L. Toulios, Prof. K.Kittas, and Prof. D. Hadjimitsis for their kind support and participation in my dissertation examination committee. Many thanks also go to Dr. Lampros Vasilliades and Ass. Prof. Chrysi Laspidou for their support and valuable friendship. The author would like to cordially acknowledge the valuable assistance provided by Prof. D. Hadjimitsis and the personnel of the Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geo- Environment Research of Technological University of Cyprus. Prof. D. Hadjimitsis provided the GER 1500 spectroradiometer which has been used in the field measurements of this dissertation. The personnel of the Laboratory provided assistance on the processing of the data. This dissertation was partly financially supported by EFP7’s “Sustainable use of irrigation water in the Mediterranean Region” (SIRRIMED), and General Secretariat’s of Research and Technology (G.S.R.T.) “An integrated system development for monitoring and managing the quantity and quality of water resources in agricultural water basins under climate change conditions. Application in Karla watershed – HYDROMENTOR”. This valuable financial support is highly acknowledged. Many thanks go, also, to my colleagues and friends George Papaioannou, Pantelis Sidiropoulos, Giannis Tzampiras, Popi Michailidou, Chrisostomos Fafoutis, Katerina Karioti, Kostas Kokkinos and George Tziantzios, on providing me significant reports, documents and files as well as for their friendship and the “brain storming” coffee breaks. Finally, I would like to thank my family for all the great influence in my life and their support throughout the course of this research. v Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 09:31:54 EET - 137.108.70.7 vi Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 09:31:54 EET - 137.108.70.7 To my family vii Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 09:31:54 EET - 137.108.70.7 viii Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 09:31:54 EET - 137.108.70.7 Symbols and definitions Symbol Unit Definition ET mm Evapotranspiration ETa mm Actual evapotranspiration ETo mm Reference evapotranspiration ETinst mm Instantaneous evapotranspiration ET24 mm 24h evapotranspiration G W/m2 Soil heat flux H W/m2 Sensible heat flux 2 Rn W/m Net radiation λE W/m2 Latent heat flux NDVI - Normalized Difference Vegetation Index LAI m2/m2 Leaf Area Index SAVI - - L - Constant* (for the computation of SAVI) Λ - Evaporative fraction P mm Precipitation Ts °C Land surface temperature Ta °C Air temperature LST °C Land surface temperature ΔT °C Temperature difference VIS μm Visible band NIR μm Near-infrared band TIR μm Thermal infrared band 2 Rs ↓ W/m Incident shortwave radiation 2 RL ↓ W/m Incident longwave radiation 2 -1 -1 RL ↑ (W/m ) sr μm Outgoing longwave ix Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 09:31:54 EET - 137.108.70.7 radiation σ W/m2 (K-4) Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67×10-8) -1 -1 cp JKg K Air specific heat capacity (1004) k - Von Karman constant (0.41) 2 Gsc W/m Global solar constant (1367) rp - Planetary reflectance ra - Atmospheric reflectance α - Albedo ρλ - Reflectivity ds m Earth-sun distance dr m Inverse Earth-sun distance λ μm Band wavelength θ Rad Sun zenith angle JD days Julian day (Day of the year) εo - Surface emissivity εa - Atmospheric emissivity TB K Brightness temperature δ Rad Solar declination Lat Degrees Latitude Lon Degrees Longitude τ - Transmissivity es kPa Saturated vapour pressure ea kPa Actual vapour pressure ed kPa Vapour pressure deficit Δ kPa Slope of vapour pressure curve γ kPa °C Psychometric constant z Vertical height zom m Roughness length of heat transfer u* m/sec Friction velocity x Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 09:31:54 EET - 137.108.70.7 ρ kg/ m2 Density of the air g m/sec2 gravitational constant (9.81) L - Monin-Obukhov length Kc - Crop coefficient Lλ Watts/meter Spectral Radiance at the squared * ster * µm sensor's aperture in watts "gain" watts/(meter squared * ster * µm) "bias" (W/m2) sr-1 μm-1 QCAL DN (digital number) The quantized calibrated pixel value 2 -1 -1 LMINλ (W/m ) sr μm The spectral radiance that is scaled to QCALMIN 2 -1 -1 LMAXλ (W/m ) sr μm The spectral radiance that is scaled to QCALMAX QCALMIN DN (digital number) the minimum quantized calibrated pixel value (corresponding to LMINλ) (0) QCALMAX DN (digital number) the maximum quantized calibrated pixel value (corresponding to LMAXλ) (255) *L for the computation of SAVI is totally different than the other L (Monin-Obukhov length). xi Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 09:31:54 EET - 137.108.70.7 xii Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 09:31:54 EET - 137.108.70.7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents Preface ______________________________________________________________________________ iii Declaration ___________________________________________________________________________ iv Acknowledgments _____________________________________________________________________ v Symbols and definitions _________________________________________________________________ ix 1 INTRODUCTION ___________________________________________________________________ 1 1.1 Water Resources Management __________________________________________________ 1 1.2 Using Water Resources Effectively in Agriculture Water Use __________________________ 3 1.3 Use of Remote Sensing for water resources management ____________________________ 9 1.4 Aim of Dissertation-Key Questions-Research Objectives _____________________________ 10 The detailed research objectives of the dissertation are: ___________________________________ 10 1.5 Dissertation Structure ________________________________________________________ 11 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ______________________________________________________