https://doi.org/10.48009/4_iis_2015_48-57 Issues in Information Systems Volume 16, Issue IV, pp. 48-57, 2015 THE CURRENT STATE OF E-BOOKS AND DIGITAL LIBRARIES OF JAPAN Hisaki Goto, Kaichi International University, [email protected] Ben Kim, Seattle University, [email protected] Kohji Inagaki, Seattle University, [email protected] ABSTRACT Japan is one of the major countries in terms of the number of books and e-books published in the world. In this paper we will discuss the history of e-books and digital libraries, the advantages/disadvantages of e-books, and the current state of the publishing industry and digital libraries of Japan. Finally, we will discuss how to make e-books and digital libraries more accessible and available in Japan. Keywords: E-Books, E-Libraries, Publishers, Japan INTRODUCTION In the United States, e-books are rapidly replacing paper books and fundamentally changing the culture of reading and accessing information. Japan is one of the top countries in terms of the number of books and e-books published in the world. In Japan, even though electronic journals have been available for scholars and researchers for more than a decade, e-books only recently became widely available to the general public starting in 2012 An electronic book (aka e-book, eBook, e-Book, ebook, digital book, or even e-edition) is a book-length publication in a digital form, consisting of text and images, readable on computers or other electronic devices [6]. This definition also includes a scanned form of a physical book. A delivery of a scanned version without proper copyrights violates copyright laws. Thus, our definition of e-books only includes the ones with proper copyrights [8]. In this paper, we will discuss the history of e-books and digital libraries, the advantages/disadvantages of e- books, and the current state of the publishing industry and digital libraries of Japan. Finally, we will discuss how to make e-books and digital libraries more accessible and available in Japan. HISTORY OF E-BOOKS IN JAPAN The first e-books or digital libraries in the world are known to have been created by Project Gutenberg led by Michael S. Hart in 1971. Project Gutenberg is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks" [7]. In Project Gutenberg, they digitized the books whose copyrights were expired and distributed them at no charge on the Internet. These digitized books made available on the Internet are known to have created the first digital library in the world. The Japanese version of Project Gutenberg would be Aozora Bunko that started their service in 1997 [1]. Aozora Bunko has been distributing free e- books and has since become one of the inaugurating pioneers of Japanese digital libraries. Even before Aozora Bunko’s efforts, CD-ROM versions of e-books were available in Japan in 1985. SONY’s e- book readers appeared in 1990, and NEC’s digital book players in 1993. The term e-book was first used by SONY but the Japanese court did not recognize it as a trade mark, because the term was too general to be used as a particular company’s product name [2]. Later on the E-Books Consortium was organized in 1999, and since 2003 novels and cartoons have become available on mobile phones. In 2004, SONY and Panasonic began to sell LIBLIe and Σ Book, respectively. SONY’s LIBLIe was adopted as an e-book reading device at the Ikoma City library, yet its popularity receded within a year. In 2010, three ministries of the central government – the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry – launched a joint panel to stimulate the use of digital publications. In the United States, Amazon and Apple began to sell Kindle and iPad in 2007, respectively. Electronic newspapers and e-books were published for iPhones and iPads. On the other hand in Japan, SHARP sold GALAPAGOS as an e- 48 Issues in Information Systems Volume 16, Issue IV, pp. 48-57, 2015 book reader, and NTT DoCoMo sold honto and created E-EVERYSTAR (http://estar.jp/.pc/) as the websites to publish e-books. However, the utilization of these devices decreased precipitously in January 2011 because there 3,000.00 2,500.00 2,000.00 1,500.00 1,000.00 Billion Yen Billion 500.00 0.00 Books Magazines Magazines Books Figure 1. Total Sales Revenue of Books and Magazines Source: The Association of Japanese Publishers (http://www.ajpea.or.jp/) were no e-books written in Japanese in the iBook Store, and even Japanese websites had only approximately 20,000 e-books available. In 2011, SONY released PRS-500 for an e-book reading device, and upgraded their e-book websites. However, its contents were still not sufficient enough to attract many customers. In 2012, Kobo of Rakuten, Google Playbooks, and iBooks 3.0 were introduced and finally the number of selections for e-books became adequately plentiful to establish a legitimate e-books market in Japan. Consequently, the year 2012 was widely recognized as the inaugurating year of e-books in Japan. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF E-BOOKS A hard drive with 100 gigabytes of data storage can hold approximately 75,000 Japanese books containing primarily characters. Thus, a vast amount of physical space can be saved in homes, libraries, and others replacing physical books with e-books. Another advantage is cost reduction for printing, bookbinding, and logistics. Also, e-books can resolve the issue of out-of-print books due to declining orders. Furthermore, e-books can enjoy the additional benefits enabled by electronic devices. For example, e-book users can utilize the included electronic dictionaries and hyperlinks, videos and audio, or even be stimulated with vibrations. On the other hand, one of the disadvantages of e-books is that they require electric power. Another disadvantage is a Data Lock-In problem where data becomes un-accessible due to obsolescence of the hardware or software. Centuries-old paper books can be read or deciphered by paleography, while e-books can be totally lost once the 49 Issues in Information Systems Volume 16, Issue IV, pp. 48-57, 2015 Circulation (Thousands) 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 Circulation (Thousands) 2000 1000 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Figure 2. Circulation Figures of the Weekly Shonen Jump Source: Japan Magazine Publishers Association (http://www.j-magazine.or.jp/data_002/m6.html) supporting hardware or software technology is no longer available or supported. Finally, for e-books, it is considerably easier to make copies. Therefore unless illegal or unethical copying of digital materials is properly regulated, intellectual property can substantially be violated. CURRENT STATE OF PUBLISHING INDUSTRY IN JAPAN According to the Japanese Publishers Association [11], the total sales revenue of the Japanese publishing industry in 2014 was 1,606.4 billion Yen, including 754.4 billion Yen for books and 852 billion Yen for magazines. Compared to the total revenue in 2010, this was lower by 16.7%. As shown in Figure 1, total sales revenue has been decreasing from the height of the 1996’s revenue of 2,656.3 billion Yen. Sales of books and magazines topped at 94,379 books in 1998 and 391,060 magazines in 1995, respectively. Also, the total sales revenues were 1,093.1 billion Yen for books in 1996 and 1,564.4 billion Yen in 1997 for magazines, respectively. One indicating example of the decreasing sales of magazines was the Weekly Shonen Jump. In 1995, the circulation figures of the Weekly Shonen Jump (a combined volume of No. 3 and 4) reached the height of 6.53 million, which was recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records. After the ending of the popular manga (or cartoon) series, however, its circulation went down rather precipitously. The Weekly Shonen Jump won back its market share in August 2002 but its circulation has been on a declining trend as shown in Figure 2. The declining trend of the magazines’ circulation is highly correlated with the birth rate in Japan. According to the demographic statistics [14], the number of births in 2013 was 1.029 million, which was the lowest since 1899. The highest number of births was 2.091 million in 1973 – the year of the second baby-boom in Japan (1971-1974). The number of births in 2013 was approximately half of that in 1973. The Weekly Shonen Jump was recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records in 1995 when there were many 22 year olds, born in 1973. After that, the circulation number has been declining rapidly along with the decrease in birth rates. The music industry has been experiencing the similar trend as shown in Figure 3. According to the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIA), the total number of CDs produced was 225,989 and 247,702 units in 2013 and 2014, respectively [18]. Total sales revenue was 270,468 million and 254,176 million Yen in 2013 and 2014, 50 Issues in Information Systems Volume 16, Issue IV, pp. 48-57, 2015 Sales Revenue 700 600 500 400 300 Billion Yen Yen Billion 200 100 0 Figure 3. Total Sales Revenue in the Music Industry Source: Japan Phonograph Record Association (http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/money/) respectively [17]. The highest number of CDs produced was 480.706 million in 1997 [18], and the largest sales revenue was 607,494 million Yen in 1998 [17].