Fuel cell technology in inland navigation; technical report in the framework of EU project CREATING (M06.02) SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME PRIORITY [1.6.2] Sustainable Surface Transport Fuel cell technology in inland navigation Technical report in the framework of EU project CREATING (M06.02) Project acronym: CREATING Project full title: Concepts to Reduce Environmental impact and Attain optimal Transport performance by Inland Navigation Contract no.: FP6 - 506542 CREATING//TR/WP06/M06.02/ECN/17-06-05/version 0.2/ Page 1 of 107 Fuel cell technology in inland navigation; technical report in the framework of EU project CREATING (M06.02) CREATING//TR/WP06/M06.02/ECN/17-06-05/version 0.2/ Page 2 of 107 Fuel cell technology in inland navigation; technical report in the framework of EU project CREATING (M06.02) Fuel cell technology in inland navigation; (S)WP number: M06.02 Technical report in the framework of EU project CREATING (M06.02) Document number: CREATING//TR/WP06/M06.02/ECN/17-06-05/version 0.2/I Document Version Comments Date History 0.2 draft January 2006 Classification Internal Number of pages: 102 Number of annexes: 4 Responsible Organisation: Principal Author(s): ECN Hein de Wilde Frans Tillemans Contributing Organisation(s): Contributing Author(s): IPA Gabriel Vladut Virginia Matei VNSI Bert de Vries via donau Alexander Kampfer WP leader Name: Petra Seiwerth, Alexander Kampfer WP leader Organisation: via donau CREATING//TR/WP06/M06.02/ECN/17-06-05/version 0.2/ Page 3 of 107 Fuel cell technology in inland navigation; technical report in the framework of EU project CREATING (M06.02) Table of Contents List of figures ............................................................................................................................................... 6 List of tables .................................................................................................................................................. 7 Summary ........................................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 12 1.1. General description.......................................................................................................................... 13 1.2. Reforming options........................................................................................................................... 14 1.3. CO-clean up section and preferential CO oxidation........................................................................ 15 1.4. Elaboration of the milestone report ................................................................................................. 16 1.5. References ....................................................................................................................................... 16 2. Liquid Hydrocarbons............................................................................................................................... 17 2.1. Safety aspects of liquid hydrocarbons............................................................................................. 17 2.2. Storage on board.............................................................................................................................. 18 2.3. Reforming emissions ....................................................................................................................... 20 2.4. Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................... 20 2.5. Advantages and disadvantages ........................................................................................................ 21 2.6. Potential risks .................................................................................................................................. 22 2.7. Cost benefits .................................................................................................................................... 24 2.8. References ....................................................................................................................................... 24 3. Gaseous hydrocarbons............................................................................................................................. 25 3.1. Safety aspects of gaseous hydrocarbons..........................................................................................26 3.2. Storage on board.............................................................................................................................. 27 3.2.1. Prototypes or demonstrator ships powered by natural gas ...................................................... 29 3.3. Reforming emissions ....................................................................................................................... 31 3.4. Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................... 35 3.5. Advantages and disadvantages ........................................................................................................ 36 3.6. Potential risks .................................................................................................................................. 37 3.7. Cost benefits .................................................................................................................................... 38 3.8. References ....................................................................................................................................... 38 4. Pure hydrogen.......................................................................................................................................... 39 4.1. General overview............................................................................................................................. 39 4.2. Physical properties of hydrogen ...................................................................................................... 39 1.1.1 Hydrogen liquefaction ............................................................................................................. 41 4.3. Hydrogen application in shipping.................................................................................................... 43 4.4. Safety aspects / potential risks in the use of pure hydrogen as fuel [1], [37] .................................. 44 4.5. Hydrogen-fuel production ............................................................................................................... 45 4.6. Hydrogen storage............................................................................................................................. 46 4.6.1. Compressed hydrogen [4]........................................................................................................ 47 4.6.2. Liquefied hydrogen [4], [5], [28]............................................................................................. 48 4.6.3. Metal Hydrides [4], [5], [16], [36].......................................................................................... 49 4.6.4. Comparison of storage systems [4] ......................................................................................... 51 4.6.5. Reachable cruising ranges with the use of pure hydrogen....................................................... 51 4.7. Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................... 52 4.8. Advantages and disadvantages compared to other types of fuel [4]................................................ 55 4.8.1. Emissions................................................................................................................................. 56 4.9. Cost-benefits.................................................................................................................................... 57 4.9.1. Hydrogen costs ........................................................................................................................ 57 4.9.2. Comparison with cost of diesel fuel ........................................................................................ 62 CREATING//TR/WP06/M06.02/ECN/17-06-05/version 0.2/ Page 4 of 107 Fuel cell technology in inland navigation; technical report in the framework of EU project CREATING (M06.02) 4.9.3. Qualitative comparison of costs and advantages of pure hydrogen compared to liquid fossil fuels 62 4.10. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 63 4.11. References ................................................................................................................................... 64 5. Fuel cells.................................................................................................................................................. 66 5.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 66 5.2. Fuel cell types and development stage ............................................................................................ 66 5.2.1. High temperature fuel cells.....................................................................................................