Standard 1: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE –REVIEW OF BASICS What are the six most common elements that make up living organisms? C H O N P S (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur) What is an organic molecule? An organic molecule or compound contains the element carbon. Why is carbon the necessary element in organic compounds? Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds (strong bonds made by sharing pairs of electrons) with up to 4 different elements. Methane Carbon Dioxide Acetylene O=C=O Carbon with 4 single bonds Carbon with 2 double bonds Each carbon has one single and one triple bond What does the word ending –ose indicate? The –ose ending means the molecule is a sugar. What does the word ending –ase indicate? The –ose word ending indicates the molecule is an enzyme. What are enzymes? Enzymes are proteins that are catalysts – they speed up chemical reactions without being used up or changed. Enzyme activity can be affected by temperature and pH. What are the four categories of organic compounds? The four categories of organic compounds are Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids Complete this chart of the four major categories of organic compounds: CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS ELEMENTS CHO CHO CHON (sometimes S) CHONP MONOMERS Monosaccharides are simple Glycerol and fatty acids Amino acids (20 Nucleotide (made of a sugar, (BUILDING sugars (glucose, galactose, Fatty acids are long different kinds) phosphate and nitrogen base) BLOCKS) fructose) chains of hydrocarbons Sugar names end in -ose (C and H) SHAPE/ Glucose Amino Acid (-R group DNA is shaped like a double STRUCTURE is different for each helix (twisted ladder) amino acid Proteins are chains of amino acids Glycerol is a 3-carbon Sequence of the amino acids determines the alcohol and each fatty Starch is a chain of glucose acid is a long chain of protein molecules that are chemically carbon atoms with bonded. hydrogen atoms attached. TYPES AND Sugars – quick energy source Fats and oils: compact Proteins make up DNA contains genetic FUNCTIONS Starches – stored energy for energy storage for long- muscle, skin, hair, nails information (recipes to make long-term use in plants term use and insulation Most enzymes are proteins) Glycogen – animal starch Waxes: waterproofing proteins. Many enzyme RNA carries the information Cellulose – structural names end in –ase from the DNA to help make component of plant cell walls (amylase, lipase) proteins .