p I J *> •«(»» r %.. "^%" !^ : POMPEI ANA: TOPOGRAPHY, EDIFICES AND ORNAMENTS POMPEII, THE RESULT OF EXCAVATIONS SINCE 1819. BY SIR WILLIAM GELL, M. A. F. R. S. & F. S. A. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. LONDON JENNINGS AND CHAPLIN. MDCCCXXXir. LONDON: PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, WIIITEFRIAliS. II i LIST OF PLATES. Vol. I. Vol. II. Page Page PORTRAIT OF THE AUTHOR, opposite the Title-page I. ILLUSTRATED FRONTISPIECE GENERAL PLAN .... 1 III. SIDE OF A CUBICULUM, IN THE HOUSE OF FUSCUS 3 IV. SIDE OF A CHAMBER, IN THE HOUSE OF FUSCUS •-• V, WALL OF AN ATRIUM . 7 ^ •VI. DOOR OF A HOUSE . .5 -tvii. PICTURE IN A HOUSE BEHIND THE PANTHEON 9 -- VIII. STAIRS OF THE CRVPTO-PORTICUS OF EUMACHIA 14 ' IX. STATUE OF EUMACHIA '- X. PEDESTALS IN THE FORUM -"XI. ALTAR OF JUPITER XII. MARS AND VENUS .-XIII. GENERAL VIEW^ OF THE PANTHEON - XIV. WALL OF THE PANTHEON ..XV, PENELOPE AND ULYSSES •-XVI. jETHRA and THESEUS XVII. THALIA ^ XVIII. CELL OF THE TEMPLE OF AUGUSTUS XIX. PLAN OF THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNE --XX. TEMPLE OF FORTUNE 70 ^ XXI. RESTORATION OF THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNE 79 XXII. VIEW FROM THE ROOF OF THE THERM^iE 82 XXIII. PLAN OF THE THERMAE -XXIV. GENERAL VIEW OF THE THERMAE 89 -xxv. SECTION OF THE THERMS 108 XXVI. COURT OF THE THERM.'E • Referred to in Vol. I. page 5, as No. VII. t Referred to in Vol. I. page 9, as No. VI. LIST OF PLATES. Vol. I. Plate Page XXVII. FRIGIDARIUM XXVIII. NATATIO .... y*XXlX. TEPIDARIUM XXX. VAULT OF THE TEPIDARIUM XXXI. CALDARIUM (OR LACONICUM) XXXII. SECTION OF THE CALDARIUM .- t XXXIII. FRIGIDARIUM AND PISCINA, IN THE WOMEN BATHS .... XXXIV. WOMEN'S BATHS XXXV. PLAN OF THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET XXXVI. HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET i XXXVII. POET'S HOUSE RESTORED XXXVIII. WINDOWS OF THE ATRIUM ,--XXXIX. ACHILLES AND BRISEIS XL. FACSIMILE OF HEAD OF ACHILLES ,. XLI. PELEUS AND THETIS XLII. VENUS FISHING XLIII. ARIADNE .... XLIV. POET READING -'XLV. MOSAIC PAVEMENT XLVI. SACRIFICE OF IPHIGENIA XLVII. SIDE OF THE CHAMBER OF LEDA ^XLVIII. LEDA AND TYNDAREUS XLIX. THESEUS AND ARIADNE L. FOUNTAIN OF THE FULLONICA LL> C PICTURES IN THE FULLONICA LII. ^ yt.lU. FOUNTAIN OF SHELLS LIV. COMEDY .... LV. DWARF AND MONKEY LVI. GARDEN AND PORTICO LVII. PAINTING OF A PORT LVIII. PICTURE .... LIX. PICTURE .... §LX. PLAN OF THE STREET OF THE MERCURIES LXI. STREET OF THE MERCURIES LIST OF PLATES. Vol. I. Vol. II. Plate Page Page -^LXII, ATRIUM OF THE HOUSE OF CERES . 181 LXIII. PLAN AND ELEVATION OF THE HOUSE OF THE DIOSCURI . .... 20- LXIV. PERISTYLE OF THE HOUSE OF THE DIOSCURI 143- LXV. VIEW OF THE COURT OF THE PISCINA 24 LXVI. JUPITER .... 26. LXVII. PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA 23 LXVIII. HYGEIA . .... 147 LXIX. ACHILLES IN SCYROS 38- »LXX. WALL OF TABLINUM, IN THE HOUSE OF THE DIOSCURI .... LXXL VICTORY .... 149 LXXIL PENELOPE ... 150- LXXIIL INFANT ACHILLES BATHED IN THE STYX 42- LXXIV. SATURN ..... 34 LXXV. COMIC SCENE 45 LXXVI. COMIC SCENE . 46- LXXVII. PH^DRA AND HIPPOLYTUS 153 LXXVIII. BACCHUS AND FAUN 23- LXXIX. WALL AND DOOR OF CORINTHIAN PERISTYLE 154 LXXX. DRINKING SCENE 11- LXXXL WAGGON AND HORSES, IN THE LUPANARE 158- LXXXII. MARS AND VENUS 159 LXXXIII. DREAM OF RHEA 160 LXXXIV. STAIRS FOR MOUNTING THE WALLS ICl - LXXXV. GATE OF ISIS .... 203 t LXXXVI. PAVEMENTS . .... 40 LXXXVII. PAVEMENTS . 164_. LXXXVIII. VIEW OF THE SITE OF POMPEII fnint. - * The drawing for this subject was unfortunately lost on its way to the engraver, t Referred to in Vol. I. page 40, as No. LXXVIII. *»* These discrepancies between the letter-press and the plates escaped correction in consequence of the Editor not having had, in every instance, an opportunity of com- paring the illustration with the text, the drawings having been in the hands of a variety of engravers while the work was at press. LIST OF VIGNETTES. VOL. I. No. 1, Page i 2, xxiv 3. 1 4, 12 5, 13 6, 26 7. 27 45 46 10, 68 11. 69 12, 82 13, 83 14, 130 15, 131 16. 141 17, 142 18, 178 19, 179 20, 191 21, 192 22, VOL. IL 23, 1 24, 5 25, 6 26, 13 27* 14 28, 50 29, 187 SO, 194 CB^TER THE GETTY CONTENTS VOL. I. Preface. Chap. I. General Plan .... Page 1 II. Chalcidicum . 13 III. Forum . .27 IV. Pantheon, or College of the Augustales . 46 V. Temple of Fortune ... 69 VI. Thermse . ... 83 VII. Women's Baths . .131 VIII. House of the Tragic Poet . 142 IX. Fullonica . .179 X. House of the Fountain . 192 by PREFACE. The favourable manner in which the former part of this work was received by the Public has been sufficiently demonstrated by the extensive circulation and rapid sale of two editions, which seem to have found their VOL. I. B 11 PREFACE. way, not only to every part of Great Britain, but even to the Continent, where the collec- tion of Pompeiana has been noticed with ap- probation in many of the literary journals. That portion contained an account of almost every thing worthy of notice, which had been laid open by the excavations till the period of its publication; and the present is in- tended, not only to supply the omissions of the former work, but to describe those more recent discoveries which are by no means inferior in interest or singularity. Among; these, the excavation of the dial- cidicum, which took place soon after the publication of the former w^ork, laid open the only example of that species of edifice which has existed in modern times. Not long afterwards, the great area of the Pan- theon was discovered, and the whole circuit of the Forum was perfectly cleared. PREFACE. Ill The excavations being continued, a wide street occurred, beginning at the arch ad- joining the back wall of the Temple of Ju- piter in the Forum, and ending in a second triumphal arch, near which were found the bronze fragments of the equestrian statue it had once supported. On the right was discovered a temple of Fortune, doubly in- teresting because founded by the illustri- ous family of the Tullii, and, about the centre of the left side of the same street, an entrance was opened into an area which proved to belong to the public baths or Thermae of the city. Some of the apartments of this edifice yet remained covered by stone arches, which, having re- sisted the pressure of the cinders and ac- cumulated earth, retained, in all their ori- ginal freshness of colour, those beautiful ornaments and fretted ceilings, of which so few have resisted the lapse of eighteen cen- turies. B 2 IV PREFACE. The discovery of the baths is perhaps of greater consequence than may at first appear, for, notwithstanding the enormous ruins of the Roman Thermae, their compo- nent parts seem to have been little under- stood, and even variously named by the au- thors who have undertaken their elucidation. At Pompeii, on the contrary, the absence of Xystus, Theatre, Palaestra, and an infinite number of other intricate divisions Avhich render the Thermae of the great Capital so complicated and unintelligible, leaves a sa- tisfactory and defined idea of the use and meaning of every other portion of the fabric. Previously to the discovery of the baths, the whole of a narrow alley behind the Chal- cidicum had been cleared and a passage opened to the street running between the Forum and the Thermae. From that alley a still smaller avenue ran between the Chal- cidicum and the building which is known ; PREFACE. on the spot by the name of the Pantheon thus adding to the former map of Pompeii an entire square or island of public edifices and habitations, and forming, in itself, no mean acquisition to the antiquary. This excavation was also remarkable for the dis- covery of an ancient well of considerable depth, and still retaining fifteen feet of water, which, from its situation, might pos- sibly have been there before the destruction of the city. These various objects, with the house, named that of the Tragic Poet, situated op- posite to the northern side of the Thermae, cover a plot of ground advancing nearer to the centre of Pompeii than any which had formerly been cleared, and, in consequence of a greater depth of superincumbent soil, they have, generally, been found in a better state of preservation. They form, altoge- ther, the connexion of two portions of the VI PREFACE. plan of the city, which were scarcely united by the unfinished excavation of the Forum at the period of the former publication. The house of the Tragic Poet has exhibited superior specimens of painting, while the subject of ancient art itself is exciting more of the public attention, and meeting with merited though tardy admiration, through the zeal and industry of M. Ternite, who is engraving at Berlin a superb collection of the pictures of Herculaneum and Pompeii under the auspices of the King of Prussia. With such an accession of new materials, the Author of the present work has thought it advisable to lay them before the public without delay, aware that time will in- calculably diminish the freshness of those objects, which, when stripped of their ex- ternal coats by the rains of winter or the burning suns of summer, lose by far the greater portion of their interest and identity. PREFACE. Vll Another motive for the immediate pub- lication of whatever can be collected, is the great and increasing difficulty of obtaining permission to draw and measure the newly- discovered antiquities, by which a foreigner is reduced to snatch from eternal oblivion only such morsels as a favourable moment may enable him to delineate.