ARRY ALI ARRY ALI MAHMOOD AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN MORPHOLOGY AND HOUSING TRANSFORMATION IN ERBIL, NORTHERN IRAQ A THESIS SUBMITED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE AN AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSFORMATION ERBI IN TRANSFORMATION NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY OF URBAN MORPHOLOGY AND HOUSING MORPHOLOGY URBAN OF By ARRY ALI MAHMOOD L, NORTHERN L, IRAQ NORTHERN In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Architecture Department NEU 2019 NEU NICOSIA, 2019 AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN MORPHOLOGY AND HOUSING TRANSFORMATION IN ERBIL, NORTHERN IRAQ A THESIS SUBMITED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE OF NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY By ARRY ALI MAHMOOD In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Architecture Department NICOSIA, 2019 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Arry Ali Mahmood Signature: Date: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the help, support and patience of my principal supervisor, my deepest gratitude goes to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nesil Baytin, for her constant encouragement and guidance. Above all, my unlimited thanks and heartfelt love would be dedicated to my dearest family for their loyalty and their great confidence in me. I am greatly indebted to my father Prof. Dr. Ali Mahmood Surdashy who is indeed my inspiration and the man who led me to the treasures of knowledge. I would like to thank my mom Asst. Prof. Dr. Layla Muhammed Qahraman for giving me a support, encouragement and constant love have sustained me throughout my life. I would like to thank my sisters, Asst. Lecturer Avin, Lawyer Harseen and Dt. Sangeen, for their personal support at all times. Eventually, there is a long list of friends that I would like to thank. I can’t mention them all but I would like to thank them from all my heart for their valuable help and support since I was in my early study until now. ii To my parents… iii ABSTRACT As a notion, Urban Morphology is the evaluation of the development of settlement form process inductively with cultural, geographic and historical factors. In a macro scale, morphology is an important study area to make urban typology readings. In line with this explanation, the city of Erbil which has been chosen as the study area is the limits of this study. Finding out the morphologic changes of the city of Erbil and its houses throughout the years is the main content of this study. Erbil Citadel is the first settlement of the city. The city developed around the Citadel and its reflections. The Citadel and its surrounding structures reflect the traditional urban fabric and constitute urban structural characteristic of Erbil. The city of Erbil is a clear example of organic growth in the world. Political and economic reasons experienced in different periods have created different developments in the city and enabled it to reach its current image. In recent years, new building characteristics, new materials, modern structures and multi-story houses has been built. In the city, where the climate, geography, history and cultural traces can be openly read, effects of the physical and social changes on life are clearly read. All development areas are analyzed with maps, drawings and literature search and explained. In the conclusions part the positive and negative sides of the changes and developments of the city of Erbil been given. Suggestions has been made to maintain the urban characteristic of the city and to systematically regulate the housing developments in the city. Keywords: Urban; urbanization; morphology; housing; citadel; city of Erbil iv ÖZET Kent morfolojisi kavram olarak yerleşim formunun gelişim sürecini; kültür, coğrafya, tarih gibi etmenlerle parçadan bütüne doğru farklı ölçek grupları ile değerlendirme dalıdır. Morfoloji, makro ölçekte, kentsel tipoloji okumalarının yapılabilmesi için önemli bir çalışma alanıdır. Bu açıklama doğrultusunda, çalışma alanı olarak seçilen Erbil kenti çalışmanın sınırlarını oluşturmaktadır. Erbil Kentinin ve konutlarının yıllar içerisindeki morfolojik değişiminin ortaya çıkarılması çalışmanın esas içeriğini oluşturmaktadır. Erbil kalesi kentin ilk yerleşim alanı olma özelliğine sahiptir. Kent kale etrafında ve kalenin yansıması şeklinde gelişim göstermiştir. Kale ve civarı yapılar geleneksel kentsel doku özelliğini yansıtmakta ve Erbil kentinin yapısal özelliğini oluşturmaktadır. Erbil kenti dünyada organik büyümenin açık bir örneğidir. Farklı dönemlerde yaşanan siyasi, ekonomik sebepler kentte farklı gelişimler yaratmış ve günümüz görüntüsüne ulaşmıştır. Son yıllarda yeni yapı karakterleri, yeni malzemeler, modern yapılar, çok katlı toplu konutlar inşa edilmiştir. Özellikle iklim, coğrafya, tarih ve kültürel izlerin belirgin bir şekilde okunduğu kentte fiziksel ve toplumsal değişimlerin yaşam üzerindeki etkileri açık bir şekilde okunmaktadır. Tüm gelişim alanları haritalar, çizimler ve literatür taraması ile analiz edilmiş ve açıklanmıştır. Sonuç kısmında Erbil kentinin yaşamış olduğu değişim ve gelişimlerin olumlu ve olumsuz yönleri ortaya konmuştur. Kentin sahip olduğu yapısal karakterin devamlılığı ve konut gelişiminin kent içinde sistemli bir şekilde düzenlenmesi için öneriler getirilmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Kent; kentleşme; morfoloji; konut; citadel; Erbil kenti v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT…............................................................................................................. iv ÖZET…….................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................ vi LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURE....................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ……………………………………………………… 1 1.2 Research Problem …………………………………………………………....... 3 1.3 Research Objectives...………………………………………………………….. 4 1.4 Research Questions…………………………………………………………….. 5 1.5 Significance of the Study………………………………………………………. 5 1.6 Limitation of the Study………………………………………………………… 6 1.7 Thesis Methodology…………………………………………………………… 7 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 City, Basic Concepts and Features of Urbanization............................................. 8 2.1.1 What is the city............................................................................................ 8 2.1.2 Urbanization................................................................................................ 8 2.1.2.1 Demographic aspects of urbanization............................................. 9 2.1.2.2 Social aspects of urbanization……………………………………. 9 2.1.2.3 Economic aspects of urbanization................................................... 10 2.1.3 Causes of urbanization………………………………………………........ 11 2.1.4 Positive and negative effects of urbanization…………………………….. 12 2.2 Urban Form…………………………………………………………………….. 13 2.3 Urban Morphology……………………………………………………………... 13 vi 2.4 Geography and Architectural Approaches in Urban Morphology……………... 14 2.4.1 Geography approaches in urban morphology……………………………. 14 2.4.2 Architectural approaches in urban morphology………………………….. 16 2.5 Conzen and Caniggia Approaches…………………………………………....... 17 2.5.1 Conzen approach in urban morphology………………………………….. 18 2.5.2 Caniggia approach in urban morphology……………………………........ 21 2.6 Urban Morphology in the Branches; Schools of Morphology…………………. 22 2.7 Theoretical Explanations of Morphological Pattern of a City…………………. 25 2.7.1 The concentric theory……………………………………………………. 25 2.7.2 The sector theory…………………………………………………………. 27 2.7.3 Walter Firey’s criticism of Hoyt’s theory………………………………... 28 2.7.4 The multiple nuclei theory……………………………………………….. 28 CHAPTER 3: URBAN MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF ERBIL CITY 3.1 Location of Study Area………………..……………………………………….. 31 3.2 Historical Background of Erbil City…………………………………………… 33 3.3 Urban Morphological Developments of Erbil City…………………………….. 34 3.3.1 First phase (from development till 1947)……………………………........ 35 3.3.2 Second phase (1947-1957) ………………………………………………. 42 3.3.3 Third phase (1957-1977)…………………………………………………. 45 3.3.4 Fourth phase (1977-1987)………………………………………………... 49 3.3.5 Fifth phase (1987-2017)………………………………………………….. 53 3.4 Morphological Developments of Roads in Erbil City………………………….. 58 3.5 Urban Form Morphology of Erbil City……………………………………........ 61 3.6 Directional Expansion of Erbil City……………………………………………. 66 3.6.1 Future expansion of Erbil City………………………………………........ 70 vii CHAPTER 4: HOUSING TRANSFORMATION IN ERBIL CITY 4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. 71 4.2 Housing Transformations in Erbil City……………………………………........ 72 4.2.1 First period; before 1930 (Traditional period)………………………........ 73 4.2.2 Second period; 1930-1980 (Modification period)……………………….. 75 4.2.3 Third period; 1980-2003 (Transitional period)…………………………... 76 4.2.4 Fourth period: After 2003 (Modernity period)………………………....... 77 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………............ 84 5.2