Marine Habitat Mapping Technology for Alaska 267 Index Bold page numbers indicate figures, acoustic remote sensing (ARS) (continued) Albatross Bank, 178, 249 tables, and maps installation of acoustic sensors, 73 Aleutian Islands, 2, 172, 178, 238 mounting of acoustic sensors, 73-76, 74, coral gardens, 20-21, 22, 23, 239 75, 76, 77-79, 243 Delta (manned submersible) surveys, A and multibeam swath sonar, 40-41 149, 151 Abaco, Bahamas, 13, 16 parameters that can be measured, 29, 29 algorithms from Multiview software, 197 Abrolhos Reef, Australia, 227 positioning for, 42 Allee, Brian, 1-11, 237-265 ABS. See acrylonitrile butadiene styrene post processing of, 42, 44 Allocentrotus fragilis. See urchin plastic mosaics resulting from different Aloha (F/V), 205, 205 absorption of acoustic waves, 30 levels of, 43-44 along-track resolution. See resolution, lateral abundance of fish, 4, 6, 20, 157, 162, 185, 246, and sidescan sonars, 36-38, 40 resolution 247, 250 technology advances in, 41-42 altimeters, 103, 104 on Heceta Bank, 203, 205, 208, 209, 211, as a tool for habitat mapping in Alaska Amend, M.R., 4 213-214, 214, 254-255 waters, 29-45 analog video vs. digital video, 103 in Northeast Pacific waters, 143, 144, 146, and vertical-beam sounders, 34-36 Anderson, T.J., 5 148, 150-151 acoustic waves, 30, 33, 34, 37, 242 angle of incidence. See incidence angles in untrawlable waters, 132, 136, 140 ACPs. See Active Control Points Anoplopoma fimbria. See sablefish accelerating water mass, 91, 96, 244 across-track lateral resolution. See resolution, ANOVA (analysis of variance), 162, 214 acoustical surveys, 2 lateral resolution Anthomastus, 213 acoustic seabed classification, 6 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic, Antipathes dendrochristos. See black features of acoustic response of the 49 Christmas tree coral seafloor,197 Active Control Points (ACPs), 80 Applied Acoustic Technologies, model 219 issues related to, 263 A D C P. See acoustic Doppler current profiler transponder, 116, 117-118, 122-123 QTC analysis, 6-7 ADFG. See Alaska Department of Fish and Aquarius (manned submersible), 4, 263 and scale disparities in British Columbia Game ArcGIS software, 118, 161, 162, 225, 227, 247, coast mapping project, 199 airborne LIDAR bathymetry (ALB), 72. See 251, 252 systematic acoustic seafloor habitat also LIDAR (light detection and example of distribution of black coral, mapping of British Columbia ranging system) 164 coast, 195-201, 245 air gun systems as marine seismic sources, map of “drainage” for southern margin of 3-D acoustic diversity map, 201 91, 96, 244 Australia, 225 vessel track on acoustic classification Alaska use of Greene habitat mapping scheme map, 200 acoustic remote sensing as a tool for in, 181 video sleds and habitat mapping, 99-107, habitat mapping in, 29-45 ArcInfo software, 121, 227, 257 250-251 Alaska-specific issues related to mapping, ArcMap software, 118, 121 acoustic classification, 6 261 Hawth’s Tools for ArcMap software, 118, acoustic diversity, 195, 197, 198, 201, 245 comparison with Scotian Shelf, 171 121 acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), lessons learned from Ireland, Australia, Arctic region, 2, 49, 80, 221, 238, 239, 240, 131, 139, 247, 250, 261 and California, 263-265 261 acoustic frequency, 29 marine benthic habitat classification: ARS. See acoustic remote sensing (ARS) acoustic habitat classification, 199, 245, 253 what’s best for Alaska, 169-184, articulated cranes, 50 acoustic impedance, 30, 37, 91, 239 253-254 assemblages, 143 diagram of acoustic impedance contrast, Alaska Board of Fisheries (BOF), 20 benthic assemblages, 93 31 Alaska Department of Fish and Game biological assemblages, 148, 149, 151, acoustic remote sensing (ARS) (ADFG), 4, 20, 22, 110, 149, 150, 205-206, 209, 214, 221, 223, comparisons of types of ARS, 242-243 178, 240, 247, 249 225 diagram of acoustic impedance contrast Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC), list of published studies, 227 and seabed roughness, 31 NOAA, 4, 22, 101, 104 habitat-specific assemblages, 149 frequencies of ARS Alaskagorgia aleutiana. See gorgonian coral Auke Bay Laboratory, NMFS, 110, 178, 249 bandwidth, pulse duration and range Alaska Habitat Mapping Workshop, 234 Auster, P.J., 119 resolution, 33 Alaska Sea Grant College Program, 2 Australia, 5, 238 transducer sizes and beam footprints ALB. See airborne LIDAR bathymetry applications of geoscience to the as a function of ARS Albany, Australia, 234 representative marine frequency and beamwidth, protected area program, 256- 37 258 and wavelength, range and penetration, 33 268 Index Australia (continued) backscatter (continued) Benthos, 38 Australian Exclusive Economic Zone, 1, intensity, 6, 26, 50, 187-189, 192, 252 C3D BSSS, 38, 40, 76, 195, 199, 241, 243, 219, 220, 222, 226, 234, 256, backscatter intensity rasters, 186, 189 245 263, 264 backscatter-intensity variance, 187 Data Sonic PSA916 sonar altimeter, 145 Australian scheme for classification of seafloor backscatter intensity data in MiniROVER MKII, 110 habitats, 171-172, 221-222, 234, CCWMP, 188 Stingray, 246 253, 256-257 interpreting, 242 Bering Sea, 2, 178 geomorphic features map, 222-223, 225 mosaics, 176 bigfin eelpout, 214 list of features mapped in Australia’s multibeam backscatter, 41, 50, 91, 93, 96, Big Sur, California, 60 EEZ, 224 111, 113, 118, 169, 239, 240, biodiversity, 7, 8, 219, 234, 260, 261, 264 for Southwest Planning Region, 226 241, 242, 243, 249, 256 in Australia, 219, 220, 221, 234, 256, 257, lessons learned from the representative map of Heceta Bank using 263 marine protected area program, multibeam backscatter, 207 impact of high trawl intensity on, 150 263-265 matching multibeam backscatter tied to habitat diversity, 256, 257 location of 41 bioregions in Australia, to sonar classification bioherms (mounds), 95 223 signatures, 251 biological assemblages, 148, 149, 151, 205- map showing “drainage” for part of Raman backscatter, 241 206, 209, 214, 221, 223, 225 southern margin, 225 sidescan backscatter, 239, 242 list of published studies, 227 representative marine protected area “snippet,” 239, 240, 241 biological habitat, 196 program, 219-236 usability of backscatter data in INSS, 256 surrogates for, 227, 257 scheme for classification of habitats, 171- use of backscatter to study Heceta Bank, Biological Resources Division, USGS, 251- 172, 173 207, 211, 213 252 and UN Law of the Sea, 258 water column backscatter, 240 biomass, 139, 143, 147, 248 Australian Department of the Environment, ways to improve quality of, 186 of cowcod, 248 Water, Heritage and the Arts Bahamas, 13, 16 declines in, 203 (DEWHA), 219, 220 Baird, Doug, 241 marine biomass pyramid, 29 Australian shelf, 223 Bamfield Marine Science Center,110 of rockfish, 150, 249, 250 AUVs (autonomous underwater vehicles), bandwidth, 81, 91 rosethorn rockfish, 129, 130, 132, 157, 161 and ARS frequencies, 32, 33, 33, 34, 35 134, 136, 137, 138 comparison with underwater video sleds, and multibeam sonars, 40, 41 within the water column, 34 106 Baranof Island, 178 biomes, 222, 234 day rates for AUV mounted multibeam Barkley Canyon, 47, 57, 59, 243 bioregionalization in Australia, 5, 219-220, sonar, 259 Barrie, J. Vaughn, 3, 91-97, 244-245, 262 225, 257 imaging AUVs, 1. See also D. Allan B. basket stars, 209 derivation of for Australia, 222 (Dorado class vehicle); SeaBED bathymetric (phase-measured) sidescan location of 41 bioregions in Australia, (imaging AUV); Sirius (AUV) sonars (BSSS), 71, 72. See also 223 advantages of, 4, 138-139 sidescan sonars (SSS) biostromes (beds), 95 day rates for, 260 Benthos C3D BSSS, 38, 40, 76, 195, 199, biotopes, 5, 222, 257 disadvantages of, 139-140 241, 243, 245 black Christmas tree coral, 151 issues related to, 262-263 bathymetric position index, 185 black coral, 164 limitations of, 250 bathymetric resolution. See resolution Bluetooth data links, 87 mapping AUVs, 1 bathymetric surveys, 4, 6, 91 bocaccio, 149 advantages of, 3 bathymetric LIDAR surveys, 241-242 boomer systems as marine seismic sources, mapping payload section of an AUV, 51 CHS surveys, 195, 196 91 Axial Seamount, 243 D. Allan B. (Dorado class vehicle), 56 BOSS. See buried object scanning sonar surveys, 47, 57, 60, 61-62 regional bathymetric surveys and ARS, bottom contacting video sleds, 99, 99-100, 34 104, 250 B SeaBED (imaging AUV), 4, 131 descriptive guide to equipment and costs, backscatter, 7, 169, 211, 239-240, 241 shallow-water survey, 89 105 3-D presentation of backscatter of C3D bathymetric variance, 185 still image captured by, 106 sonar, 40 bathymetry attributed grid (BAG), 241 bottom roughness acoustic backscatter, 87, 255, 256, 261 Bathysaurus (ROV), 256 diagram of angle of incidence of in shallow water, 71, 73 “beam time-series,” 239 backscatter for different used to map British Columbia coast, beamwidth and acoustic remote sensing, 29, bottom types, 32, 32 195-201 32, 40, 41 bottom tending video sleds, 100, 100-101, and acoustic remote sensing in habitat transducer sizes and beam footprints as a 250 mapping, 29-45 function of ARS frequency and descriptive guide to equipment and costs, and post processing of ARS, 42 beamwidth, 37 105 amplitude data, 31, 40, 42, 62, 134, 197 Belgica Mound Province in Porcupine bottom trawl surveys, 6 “beam time-series,” 239 Seabight, 256 “bottom-up” classification, 169 broadband backscatter, 256 belt transects, 146, 147 bottom-up methodology, 101, 102, 234 diagram of acoustic impedance contrast, benthic assemblages, 93 bottom water temperature, 5 31 benthic habitat mapping, 1, 2, 6, 7, 169, 170, Breakout Groups, at workshop false backscatter, 189 237-238, 240. See also marine integrating biology and geology: impact of bottom type and angle of habitat mapping selecting appropriate incidence on backscatter, 32 importance of, 258 technologies, 260-261 Benthic Sanctuary, 220 Marine Habitat Mapping Technology for Alaska 269 Breakout Groups, at workshop (continued) California State University, Monterey Bay clump weight system and ROV surveys, 116, lessons learned from Ireland, Australia, Seafloor Mapping Lab, 185 125 and California, 263-265 cameras.