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Dolorer sustie ming ea facilit auguero enisisi bla feugait iure vullamet acing erostrud modigna con henismo dolortis dolut alit alismodion heniam, venibh el dui eugue dion ut alisim dolenim ea feu feugiam conullaorper sum zzrit vel dolobor ad dip eugait, consequi- sit ad tie feuismolesse tio dionse magna feu feuis ero delenisis accum zzrilit dolore tisi. Rilla consequat velit utat. Tatismod dolorem ip ex erostrud et, suscin ut lamcomm od- olorem vullam vel dipsummolum eui et ad minit laorerosto odolortio etumsan utem ip ea African Union African Development Economic Commission Bank for Africa Land Policy in Africa: North Africa Regional Assessment © AUC-ECA-AfDB Consortium, 2010 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Email: [email protected] All rights reserved First printing December 2010 Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted. Acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication. Edited and designed by the ECA Publications and Conference Management Section (PCMS). Table of Contents List of Figures ......................................................................................................................v List of Tables .......................................................................................................................vi List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................vii Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................ix Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................x I. Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 II. Context of North Africa .........................................................................................3 III. Key Issues and Challenges in North Africa .........................................................6 A. Population ........................................................................................................ 6 B. Land Management and Policies .................................................................... 6 C. Farm Size and Land Distribution ................................................................. 8 D. Urbanization ................................................................................................... 12 E. Land Tenure and Security ............................................................................. 16 F. Poverty and Access to Land ........................................................................... 16 G. Land tenure and Gender Issues ................................................................... 19 H. Global Systemic Environmental Issues ....................................................... 21 I. Direct Foreign Investments............................................................................ 28 J. Need for Water and Energy ............................................................................ 29 K. Explosive Remnants of War .......................................................................... 29 IV. Land Policy ................................................................................................................32 A. Land Policy Formulation Processes in North Africa ............................... 32 B. Land Reform in North Africa ....................................................................... 35 C. Land for National Development .................................................................. 38 2. Combating Desertification and Conserving Land Resources .................. 40 3. Land and Spatial Planning for National Development .............................. 46 4. Adopting Neo-Liberal Economic Policies .................................................. 47 D. Land market policy ........................................................................................ 50 E. Land policies: social vs. economic objectives ............................................. 51 V. Land policy development and land administration ..........................................52 A. Land policy development ............................................................................. 52 B. Land administration framework ...........................................................53 C. Institutional Setup ......................................................................................... 54 D. Customary-based modalities of Land Administration ............................. 56 E. Land dispute resolution ................................................................................. 56 Land Policy in Africa: North Africa Regional Assessment iii VI. Lessons Learned and Best Practices ...................................................................58 A. Land policies and the Legal System ............................................................. 58 B. Land Policy Formulation and Land Administration ................................. 59 C. Best practices .................................................................................................. 60 VII. Needs Assessment: Challenges and Gaps ..........................................................62 A. Framework and Institutional Setup for Land Policies and Management 6 2 B. Information and Monitoring of Land Resources ....................................... 64 C. Human Resources for Land Management and Administration .............. 64 D. Financing Land Policies ................................................................................ 66 References .........................................................................................................................67 Annex 1: Country Variation/Similarities ......................................................................75 Annex 2: Terms of Reference for Northern Region ...............................................78 Annex 3: Population in North Africa ..........................................................................84 Annex 4: Urbanization in North Africa .......................................................................87 Annex 5: Forest of North Africa, 2005 ........................................................................90 Annex 6: Explosive Remnants of War .........................................................................91 Annex 7: Country Profiles .............................................................................................95 Annex 8: Definitions ..................................................................................................... 108 iv Land Policy in Africa: North Africa Regional Assessment List of Figures Figure 1. Egypt, agricultural land stratified by holders and farm size, 2000. ... 11 Figure 2. Egypt, agricultural land stratified by holders and number of parcels, 2000. ........................................................................................................... 12 Figure 3. Population density, 1990–2020, people per km2. .................................. 12 Figure 4. Urban and rural population, 1990–2030. ............................................... 13 Figure 5. Predicted inundation in Nile Delta.......................................................... 23 Figure 6. Total population of North African countries, 1950–2020. .................. 85 Figure 7 Population below age 15 years, both sexes, 1990–2020. ...................... 86 Figure 8 Population over 65 years old, both sexes, 1990–2020. ......................... 86 Land Policy in Africa: North Africa Regional Assessment v List of Tables Table 1. Evolution of the number of farms in Tunisia ........................................... 8 Table 2. Evolution and pattern of landholding in Tunisia (in thousands) .......... 9 Table 3. Pattern of landholding in Morocco (1996) ............................................. 10 Table 4. Landholding in the private sector in Algeria (1985) ............................. 10 Table 5. Population of slum areas at mid-year, 2001, for selected North African countries ....................................................................................... 15 Table 6. Urban poverty data by sub-region, 1993 and 1998, per cent .............. 17 Table 7. Poor in rural areas as per cent of rural population in North Africa, 1990–2004 ................................................................................................... 17 Table 8. Share of the women after the division of habous land, Sidi Aich, Tunisia ........................................................................................................ 20 Table 9.