OTC 2020 Presenter: Grant Watters Title: Astaxanthin – a potential ocular antioxidant? Nutraceuticals and supplements • To address dietary deficiencies (eg calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc) • For dietary top‐up/insurance policy • Improve cognition (reduce depression) • Slow down ageing Astaxanthin‐ a possible ocular • Health‐conscious (& exercise) • Adjunctive to improve bioavailabilty antioxidant? • Pet food (eg Radical Dog Biscuits!!) • USA useage: Grant Watters MScOptom, DipCLP 76% in 2018 (vs 64% in 2008) Very profitable multi‐billion dollar industry; unregulated & under‐researched in many areas Different groups • Vitamins & minerals • Herbs/spices/plant & berry extracts, amino acids, enzymes FDA: “common ones” • Calcium *should not make disease claims • Echinacea (eg“lowers cholesterol”) • Fish Oil • Warns about overdosing, combining & substituting for • Ginseng Rx medicines • Glucosamine and/or Chondroitin Sulphate “oxidative tissue damage” • Garlic = ageing & disease • Vitamin D • St. John’s Wort “as we age, prooxidants overwhelm the eye’s • Saw Palmetto antioxidant defences resulting in oxidative • Ginkgo stress & damage to tissues associated with the development of ocular pathologies such as • Green Tea corneal opacities, cataracts & glaucoma” (Umapathy A, Donaldson P & Lim J, 2013) General eye health nutrition Astaxanthin (ATX) • D Astaxanthin‐ C40H52O4; 596.84 g/mol; red • Common marine powder; soluble in water and fat xanthrophyll carotenoid (main source marine algae H. pluvialis) • Closely related to human retinal pigments lutein & Zeaxanthin‐ C40H56O2; 568.88 g/mol; red‐ zeaxanthin orange; insoluble in water • Strongest antioxidant (AO) activity of all the carotenoids • Lipid soluble‐ so good Did Popeye escape AMD ? absorption across cell membranes Lutein‐ C40H56O2; 568.871 g/mol; red‐orange crystalline solid; insoluble in water; soluble in fat • Can cross blood‐retina and blood‐brain barrier (Tso, 1996) © Grant Watters 1 OTC 2020 Presenter: Grant Watters Title: Astaxanthin – a potential ocular antioxidant? Haematococcos pluvialis Existing researched benefits (humans) • Freshwater green marine algae, can be • Ambati RR, Phang SM, Aswathanarayana RG. Astaxanthin: sources, extraction,stability, biological activities and its commercial applications‐ a review. Mar.Drugs 2014; 12: 128‐152. • de Jesus Raposo MF, de Morais AMMB, de Morais RMSC. Carotenoids from marine microalgae: a farmed valuable natural source for the prevention of chronic diseases. Mar.Drugs 2015; 13: 5128‐5155. • Exercise recovery • Zhang L, Wang H. Multiple mechanisms of anti‐cancer effects exerted by astaxanthin. Mar.Drugs 2015; • Encysts & produces ATX as a protector 13: 4310‐4330. • Reduced joint • El‐Baky HH, El‐Baroty GS. The potential use of microalgal carotenoids as dietary supplements and natural against stress conditions such as UV preservative ingredients. J.Aq. Food Prod.Tech 2013; 22: 39‐406. • Biswal S. Oxidative stress and astaxanthin: the novel supernutrient carotenoid. Int. J Health. All. 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Bioavailability of fatty acids from krill oil, krill meal and fish oil in healthy subjects‐ a randomised, single‐dose, cross‐over trial. Lip. Health.Dis 2015; • AO activity of ATX: 14(19): 1‐10. • Anti‐diabetic • Curek GD, Cort A, Yucel G, Demir N, Ozturk S, Elpeck G, Savas B, Aslan M. Effect of astaxanthin on hepatocellular injury following ischaemia/reperfusion. Toxicology 2010; 267: 147‐153. 10 x zeaxanthin, lutein & B‐carotine • Kim YJ, Kim YA, Yokozawa T. Protection against oxidative stress, imflammation, and apoptosis of high • Immunomodulation glucose‐exposed proximal tubular epithelial cells by astaxanthin. J.Ag.Food Chem2016; online doi: 10.1021/jf9019745. 500 x Vit A • Naito Y, et al. Prevention of diabetic nephropathy by treatment with astaxanthin in diabetic db/db mice. • Neuro‐protection Biofactors 2004; 20(1): 49‐59. • Hussein G et al. 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Int.J.Vitam.Nutr.Res 1995; 65: 79‐86. ATX and the eye‐ existing study data and Existing products potential investigations? • McCusker MM, Durrani K, Payette MJ, Suchecki J. An eye on nutrition: the role of vitamins, essential fatty acids, and • Dry eye disease: krill oil‐ antioxidants in age‐related macular degeneration, dry eye syndrome, and cataract. Clin.Dermat 2016; 34: 276‐285. phospholipid containing AXT > • Wakamatsu TH, Dogru M, Tsubota K. Tearful relations: oxidative stress, inflammation and eye diseases. Arq. Bras. fish oil‐ less inflammatory Oftalmol 2008; 71(6): 72‐79. • Yamada T et al. Evaluation of therapeutic effects of markers astaxanthin on impairments in salivary secretion. J.Clin.Biochem.Nutr 2010; 47: 130‐137. • Uchino Y et al. Oxidative stress induced inflammation initiates functional decline of tear production. Plos one 2012; 7(10): e45805. • : helps salivary gland • Sheppard JD et al. Lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5.0% Sjogrens? treatment of dry eye disease:results of the OPUS‐1 phase 3 study. Ophthalmol 2014; 121(2): 475‐483. (but no studies on lacrimal gland) • Deinema L et al. A randomised, double‐masked, placebo‐ controlled clinical trial of two forms of Omega‐3 supplements for treating dry eye disease. Ophthalmolol 2016; doi 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.09.03 • Umapathy A, Donaldson P, Lim J. Antioxidant delivery • Aqueous humour: has pathways in the anterior eye. Biomed. Res. Int 2013; doi 10.1155/2013/207250. increased superoxide scavenging • Sacca SC, Izzotti A. Oxidative stress and glaucoma: injury in the anterior segment of the eye. Prog.Brain.Res 2008; 173: activity so potential less TM 385‐407. • Aslan M, Cort A, Yucel I. Oxidative and nitrative stress degeneration markers in glaucoma. Free Rad.Bio.Med 2008; 45: 367‐376. • Hashimoto H et al. Effects of astaxanthin on antioxidation in human aqueous humor. J.Clin.Biochem.Nutr 2013; 53(1): 1‐7. 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