Al-Shabaka CommentaryAl-Shabaka February 2018 TO ACHIEVE ONE STATE, PALESTINIANS MUST ALSO WORK FOR TWO By Nadia Hijab In the wake of US President Donald Trump’s of achieving Palestinian rights, what would a one- recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, state political outcome achieve that two states would reinforced by Vice President Mike Pence’s promise not? It is worth briefly examining each outcome. [email protected] to move the US embassy before the end of 2019, The vision of a one-state solution, as set out by the there has been a flurry of pieces heralding the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1968, imminent shift in a Palestinian strategy toward a has always been more compelling for Palestinians one-state solution with equal rights. Both Palestinian than that of two states. A single state is closely tied to negotiators closely involved in the moribund Oslo the right of the refugees to return to their homes and peace process and Palestinians who have long since lands. despaired of Oslo declared that it is time to transform the struggle. Meanwhile, Israel continued to expand Through a single state Palestinians would exercise settlements, crack down on protests, and plan their right to self-determination by returning to annexation of some or all of the West Bank. and living in the entirety of the land that had been Palestine, alongside the Jews living there, with equal Is the two-state solution really doomed, and is it rights for all. While the 1968 PLO charter spoke of time to move to a struggle for a single state? This the Jews who had resided in Palestine before the commentary will argue that either state outcome Zionist conquest resulted in the creation of Israel, can be made to achieve Palestinian aspirations and present Palestinian advocates of a one-state solution rights, and that, moreover, fulfilling Palestinian rights recognize that it must encompass all its inhabitants. requires some of the sources of power associated with the state system. It will also urge that time and As for the two-state solution, it is important to energy be spent on clarifying Palestinian goals and distinguish between the vision expressed in 1988, www.Al-Shabaka.org understanding why they have not yet been achieved, when the Palestinian National Council (PNC) adopted and then zeroing in on the sources of power needed it, and the truncated, economically and politically to achieve them. The final section will discuss crippled travesty of justice set out in the Oslo one of those sources of power in detail, that of the Accords that began to be signed in 1993. When it was Palestinian narrative, and will call for a reframing of adopted in 1988, the two-state solution was seen as a that narrative, including the narrative around BDS pragmatic, doable recognition of reality. Palestinians (Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions).1 would exercise the right to self-determination through a sovereign state that would secure the rights of its Palestinian Goals in One-State and Two- citizens. Such a state would enable Palestine to join State Outcomes the community of nations. Further, the 1988 PNC resolution upheld the UN resolutions regarding the The goal of the Palestinian struggle continues to be rights of the Palestinian refugees. And the struggle for expressed in terms of state structures. Yet in terms two states does not mean forsaking the vital struggle for equality of the Palestinian citizens of Israel. 1. Some of the material in this paper was presented in a talk at the Palestine Solidarity Campaign annual meeting on January 27, 2018. The talk was published by Mondoweiss on January 31, 2018. 1 February 2018 the Europeans will step in now that he has, perhaps temporarily, washed his hands of the US. However, “Had the two-state solution asking European states to serve as mediators will stayed close to its original not move the Palestinian cause forward. There is nothing to mediate: The Israelis have made their framing, it could have goals clear; the best the Palestinians can hope for is disconnected Bantustans. One worst-case scenario fulfilled Palestinian rights.” would be for a “deal” that would appear to fulfill some Palestinian rights after which the world would go home, leaving the Palestinians at Israel’s mercy. No Oslo doomed a rights-based state project from one will do anything for the Palestinian people – not the start. On the Palestinian side, the acceptance the Europeans, or the US, or Israel – unless they are of the Accords included an implicit assumption pressured to do so. that Palestinian refugee rights would be severely circumscribed, thus sacrificing a core Palestinian right. In short, Palestinians will need to build considerable On the Israeli side, there was never any intention power to exercise the pressure needed to achieve a of allowing a sovereign Palestinian state to emerge solution that would guarantee their rights. And to alongside Israel. Yitzhak Rabin, heralded as the great do so they will need some of the sources of power peacemaker, made it clear soon after the first Oslo that they have acquired through membership in the agreement that he intended to ensure that Palestinians state system, whether legal, diplomatic, or through would have no more than an entity that was “less than participation in international organizations. However, a state,” with Israel’s security border located in the those sources of power must be used far more Jordan Valley. Those positions carried through the effectively and strategically than in the superficial years of negotiations. Israeli positions have greatly way that the PLO has used them. Even the hard- hardened since: Most recently, the Likud Central fought membership of UNESCO, which cost that Committee unanimously voted to call on the party’s organization dearly, could have been used to establish leaders to annex the West Bank. Palestinian sovereignty on land and sea. Had the two-state solution stayed close to its original framing, it could have fulfilled Palestinian rights to self-determination and return, just as the one-state “No one will do anything for would have, if the Palestinians had been able to build enough power to ensure that Israel would respect the the Palestinian people unless right of return and equal rights in one state, and the they are pressured to do so.” right of return and sovereignty in two states. The reality today is that the Palestinian people have no power to achieve either outcome in the Moreover, imagine the different situation today if the foreseeable future and to impose the recognition PLO had “activated” the 2004 International Court and implementation of their rights on Israel or on of Justice ruling on Israel’s illegal wall that snakes the international community. In fact, the Palestinian through the OPT. Although it was an advisory opinion, leadership, believing that Oslo was leading to a its clear call on all states not to “recognize the illegal Palestinian state, let the sources of power that it situation resulting from the construction of the wall” had accumulated in the 1970s and 1980s dissipate, and, more importantly, not to provide any aid or including a vibrant solidarity movement and strong assistance that could maintain that situation, could relationships with the countries of the South, the have been used to push rules-conscious European Soviet Union, and China. countries into much more decisively ensuring that their relations with Israel did not support the illegal PLO President Mahmoud Abbas has not declared the Israeli settlements. end of the two-state solution and clearly hopes that 2 February 2018 It is because the PLO did not capitalize on what reality of what happened to Palestine and to the a member of the Palestinian delegation privately Palestinians be seen for the injustice that it was. This described at the time as this “great win” that is why so much time was spent during the 100th Palestinian civil society, exactly a year later, launched anniversary of the Balfour Declaration last year on the BDS movement, with the clear aim of upholding demanding an apology from Britain, whose colonial international law and putting a major source of power aims enabled the loss of Palestine and the creation of Al-Shabaka CommentaryAl-Shabaka behind it. Israel. And this is why so much time will be spent this year, the 70th anniversary of the Nakba (catastrophe), The road ahead is long. No one is in any rush to on that narrative of loss. help Palestinians fulfill their rights. So there is no rush to decide on the ultimate political outcome: Either could work so long as it fulfills Palestinian “If there is to be a different, rights. This was the smart, strategic approach of the BDS movement’s founders. Given the disarray of better future, there needs the national movement and the lack of consensus around political goals, the founders focused instead to be Israeli recognition, on rights as goals, calling for the realization of self- determination through freedom from occupation, regret, and reparations.” equality for the Palestinian citizens of Israel, and justice for the Palestinian refugees in fulfilling their An apology from Britain might have sufficed but it right of return. This enabled the movement to reach was never in the cards: Former colonial powers do the broadest spectrum of Palestinian society as well not want to tarnish their own narratives, as horrible as of international solidarity activists – and to build a as they were, or to lay themselves open to demands considerable source of power. for reparations. But the situation differs in the case of Israel. If there is to be a different, better future Every source of power available should be analyzed between Israel and the people of historic Palestine and understood for what it has to offer, its strengths there needs to be not only recognition of the injustice and its pitfalls, and Palestinian civil society should that the Zionist project visited on the Palestinians, ally with the PLO (or what is left of it) whenever but also an expression of regret, and reparations.