CANADIAN MILITARY JOURNAL Vol. 18, No. 1, Winter 2017 Vol. 18, No. 1, Winter 2017 CONTENTS 3 EDITOR’S CORNER THE WORLD IN WHICH WE LIVE 4 China Looking North: Compromising Canada’s Arctic Sovereignty and Security? by Adam P. MacDonald 16 The Social Construction of War Cover by Mitchell Binding Canada’s First Submarines, by John M. Horton, CSMA – AEROSPACE OPERATIONS Canadian Society of Marine 23 In Need of Rescue: Canadian Search and Rescue Policy Artists. by James Pierotti Naval Marine Archive/Canadian Society of Marine Artists MILITARY STRATEGY 32 British Strategic Culture and General Sir Alan Brooke during the Second World War by Greg Smith MILITARY HISTORY 45 Asian- and Black-Canadians at Vimy Ridge by Mathias Joost SPECIAL REPORT 56 Royal Military College of Canada Special Staff Assistance Visit Update by Virginia Tattersall China Looking North: Compromising Canada’s VIEWS AND OPINIONS Arctic Sovereignty 60 Navigating Towards a New Identity: and Security? Military to Civilian Transition by Darryl G. Cathcart COMMENTARY 64 Dialogue on Defence by Martin Shadwick BOOK REVIEW ESSAY 71 Geopolitics by Bill Bentley 74 BOOK REVIEWS In Need of Rescue: Canadian Search and Rescue Policy Canadian Military Journal/Revue militaire canadienne is the official professional journal of the Canadian Armed Forces and the Department of National Defence. It is published quarterly under authority of the Minister of National Defence. Opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of National Defence, the Canadian Armed Forces, Canadian Military Journal, or any agency of the Government of Canada. Crown copyright is retained. Articles may be reproduced with permission of the Editor, on condition that appropriate credit is given to Canadian Military Journal. Each issue of the Journal is published simultaneously in print and electronic versions; it is available on the Internet at www.journal.forces.gc.ca. ISSN 1492-465X Canadian Military Journal • Vol. 18, No. 1, Winter 2017 1 How to Contact Us CANADIAN Canadian Military Journal MILITARY PO Box 17000, Station Forces Kingston, Ontario JOURNAL CANADA, K7K 7B4 www.journal.forces.gc.ca E-mail: [email protected] Editor-in-Chief Translation David L. Bashow Translation Bureau, (613) 541-5010 ext. 6148 Public Services and Procurement Canada [email protected] Publication Manager Commentary Claire Chartrand Martin Shadwick (613) 541-5010 ext. 6837 [email protected] Editorial Advisor Michael Boire Text British Strategic Oversight Committee Culture and General Sir Alan Brooke during Chairman the Second World War Rear-Admiral L. Cassivi, Commander, Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) Members Mr. David L. Bashow, Editor-in-Chief, Brigadier-General S. Bouchard, Commandant Canadian Military Journal (CMJ) Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) Colonel Marty Cournoyer, representing Major Chris Young, representing Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) Chief of Staff Army Strategy Dr. H.J. Kowal, Principal, Lieutenant-Colonel Kimberley Maynard, Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) Director Canadian Forces Military Law Centre (CFMLC), Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) Captain (N) David Patchell, representing Text Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) Ms. Hanya Soliman, representing Chief of the Asian- and Black- Defence Intelligence (CDI) Canadians at Vimy Ridge Editorial Board Dr. Douglas Bland Philippe Lagassé Major (ret’d) Michael Boire Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) David Last Major Bernard Dionne Dr. Chris Madsen Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) Douglas Delaney Dr. Sean Maloney Dr. Rocky J. Dwyer Professor Brian McKercher Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) Michael Goodspeed Dr. Paul Mitchell Major-General (ret’d) Daniel Gosselin Dr. Nezih Mrad Major Tanya Grodzinski Dr. Scot Robertson Dr. David Hall Professor Stéphane Roussel Royal Military Text Professor Michael Hennessy Professor Elinor Sloan College of Canada Special Staff Colonel Bernd Horn Chief Warrant Officer G.R.C. McCann Assistance Professor Hamish Ion Colonel (ret’d) Randall Wakelam Visit Update NOTE TO READERS As a bilingual journal, readers should take note that where citations are translated from their original language, the abbreviation [TOQ] at the end of the note, which stands for “translation of original quote”, indicates to the readers that the original citation can be found in the published version of the Journal in the other official language. 2 Canadian Military Journal • Vol. 18, No. 1, Winter 2017 EDITOR’S CORNER elcome to yet another winter edition of the Black-and Japanese-Canadians were accepted into the [Canadian Canadian Military Journal. Here in the Expeditionary Force] CEF, how this affected their presence at Great White North, we are still enjoying Vimy Ridge, and the nature of their participation.” mild autumn weather as I pen these words. However, while various juries are still out Brigadier-General Virginia Tattersall, a highly experienced Was to how severe the winter will be in this neck of the woods, logistics officer, current Commander of Military Personnel my old quarter horse, Major, is growing his winter coat like Generation, and Deputy-Commander of the Canadian Defence there is no tomorrow, and he is never wrong… Academy in Kingston then presents a status report on the recent Special Staff Assistance Visit to the Royal Military College of Leading off this time, independent academic/journalist and Canada in Kingston, Ontario. While much work remains to be former sailor Adam MacDonald reviews China’s relatively-recent done, General Tattersall concludes “…the work undertaken to date interest in and orientation towards the maritime arctic, and focuses is already making a difference in the climate of the two Colleges on some broad concerns in terms of their potential impact upon [Royal Military College of Canada and Royal Military College regional stability and Canadian sovereignty. Next, in our continuing Saint-Jean] for both students and staff.” Next, Royal Military efforts to encourage young and gifted scholars, Second Lieutenant College graduate and long-time serving member of Canada’s Mitchell Binding, ‘helicopter pilot in waiting,’ examines the social military Darryl Cathcart, now pursuing a Master of Education construction of wars in general, how they are socially constructed, degree at Queen’s University, reviews the impact upon newly- and the extent to which this is accomplished. released service members into civilian life, and offers thoughts on what can be done to possibly ease this often-difficult transition. Then, Major James Pierotti, an Air Combat Systems Officer with extensive experience in the Search and Rescue (SAR) com- Our own Martin Shadwick then cites some of the complicated munity, reiterates the pressing need for a robust and effective and demanding military tasking needs for Canada’s armed forces federal SAR policy for Canada. “Specific examples will highlight in today’s “unsettled and troubling international geo-strategic the types of operational concerns that were hidden in the policy environment,” and further posits that, “…issues of this gravity gap until recently, and it will be clarified [as to] how policy can and cost demand thorough, thoughtful and informed debate,” resolve each concern.” and that these compelling issues are deserving of the attention of Canadians from a very diversified and knowledgeable spectrum. The study of military strategy and its great contributors has been an extensively-recurring theme in the pages of this journal. We then close with a book review essay from our This time out, Brigadier-General Greg Smith, a recent graduate recently-departed dear friend and colleague, Dr. Bill Bentley, of the National Security Program at Canadian Forces College on Geopolitics, and in lockstep with the major historical article Toronto, examines British strategic culture and its influence upon in this issue, two very different book reviews dealing with the the Second World War, particularly through the lens of one of its significance of Canada’s victory at Vimy Ridge in April 1917. most distinguished practitioners, General Sir Alan Brooke. Then, in the last of our major articles this time out, Major Mathias Joost Until the next time. of the Directorate of History and Heritage touts the participa- David L. Bashow tion of visible minorities as combatants for Canada during the Editor-in-Chief Great War. Specifically, he examines the means “…by which Canadian Military Journal DND photo IS08- 2017-0058-009 by Leading Seaman Zachariah Stopa by IS08- 2017-0058-009 DND photo The sun sets behind the Cross of Sacrifice at the Tyne Cot Cemetery during the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Passchendaele, 10 November 2017. Canadian Military Journal • Vol. 18, No. 1, Winter 2017 3 DND photo by Leading Seaman Dan Bard Leading Seaman Dan by DND photo HMCS Montréal sails past an iceberg in Arctic waters during Operation Nanook, summer 2017. China Looking North: Compromising Canada’s Arctic Sovereignty and Security? by Adam P. MacDonald Adam P. MacDonald, BA, MA, enrolled in the Canadian and Canada’s role and place within it. The most concerned about Armed Forces in 2004, graduated from Royal Military College in China’s increasing capabilities and activities in the North claim 2008, then served for a further six years as a naval officer. Adam Beijing is subtly positioning itself either to remake or thwart is currently an independent academic based in Halifax, Nova the regional political architecture to gain unobstructed access Scotia, and is a