1/17/2012 Effects of Germanic Invasions End of the 5th Century Raiders, • Repeated invasions, constant warfare Traders and – Disruption of trade • Merchants invaded from land and sea— Crusaders: businesses collapse – Downfall of cities Western Europe • Cities abandoned as centers for administration After the Fall of – Population shifts • Nobles and other city-dwellers retreat to rural Rome areas • Population of Western Europe became mostly rural The Rise of Europe 500-1300 The Early Middle Ages • Europe was cut off from the advanced civilizations of Byzantium, the Middle East, China and India. • Between 700 and 1000, Europe was battered by invaders. • New forms of social organization developed amid the fragmentation • Slowly a new civilization would emerge that blended Greco-Roman, Germanic and Christian traditions. akupara.deviantart.com Guiding Questions Decline of Learning 1.How was Christianity a unifying social and • Germanic invaders could not read or write political factor in medieval Europe? – Oral tradition of songs and legends • Literacy dropped among those moved to rural areas 2.What are the characteristics of Roman • Priests and other church officials were among Catholicism? the few who were literate • Greek Knowledge was almost lost – Few people could read Greek works of literature, science, and philosophy 1 1/17/2012 Loss of Common Language A European Empire Evolves • Latin changes as German-speaking • After the Roman Empire, Europe divided into people mix with Romans 7 small kingdoms (some as small as Conn.) • No longer understood from region to • The Christian king Clovis ruled the Franks region (formerly Gual) • By 800s, French, Spanish, and other • When he died in 511, the kingdom covered Roman-based (Romance) languages much of what is now France. evolve from Latin • Clovis strengthened the Merovingian Dynasty, • The new languages were reflections of name after his ancestor the new breakup of the Roman Empire Germanic Kingdoms Emerge • Between 400-600, Germanic kingdoms replace Roman provinces • Church survives the chaos and provides order and security whitton - stmarys.org.uk indoeuro.bizland.co m The Concept of Government Changes The Franks Under Clovis • Romans were bound by • Clovis asks for a blessing citizenship, public law before battle and converts to • Germanic tribes were bound by Christianity when his army family ties, loyalty wins (Clovis’s wife is Christian) • Germanic tribes lived in small • Church in Rome supports communities governed by Clovis’s conversion and unwritten rules and traditions military campaigns against • Roman province of Gual: Germanic tribes Germanic people called Franks • By 511, he unites Franks held power under one kingdom and partners with the Church memo.fr redrampant.com 2 1/17/2012 Germanic Peoples Adopt Christianity Church Justice • Spread of Christianity is political – many • Cannon Law: kings and peasants were subject to Germanic peoples are converted the church law regarding matters such as • Missionaries are also important to the spread marriage and religious practices of Christianity • Courts were established to try people accused of violating cannon law (excommunication / – Risked their lives among the Celtic and Germanic tribes – groups that bordered the Roman Empire interdict) • In Southern Europe, fear of coastal attacks by • If a king continued to disobey the pope, an interdict would be instated – no sacraments could the Muslims motivated people to convert be performed on the violating king’s land Church Structure Monasteries and Convents • Clergy – religious officials • Monastery – religious communities built by • Pope led the church from Rome the Church where monks (men) gave their • All other clergy – bishops and priests – were lives to serve God under his authority • Convents – places for nuns (women) who • Bishops settled conflicts related to church sacrifice like the monks teachings and practices • Benedict’s rules • Most people were closely connected to the • 600s and 700s, monks made copies of priests who were on the local level religious writings and preserved some of Rome’s scholarship Religion as a Unifying Force • While the manor and feudal systems put people at odds, the Church brought people together • Sacraments (ceremonies) were crucial to everlasting salvation in Heaven • Brought villagers together weekly as well as holidays What can we conclude about this monastery from this photo? 3 1/17/2012 Benedict’s Rules Gregory I Expands Papal Power 1. How do these excerpt address the importance • In 590, Gregory becomes Pope and makes his of balance and order? Provide evidence. palace the center of Roman gov’t. • Uses Church money to form armies 2. What do you think were the effects of • Negotiates treaties (with Lombards) – kind of Benedict’s emphasis discussed in question 1? the mayor of Rome • The churchly kingdom, ruled by a Pope, becomes a central theme in the Middle Ages A Medieval Monastery Clovis’ Descendants The Scriptorium • By 700, the major domo (mayor of the palace) was the most powerful official – Officially controlled the palace and estate – Unofficially commanded armies and made policy • In 719, mayor Charles Martel had more power than the king • Martel defeated Muslims in the Battle of Tours in 732 – if the Muslims won, western Europe might have become part of the Muslim Empire Mediterranean AD 750 Illuminated sitemaker.umich.edu Manuscripts 4 1/17/2012 Charlemagne Extends Frankish Rule Holy Roman Empire (HRE) • Pepin the short, • Strongest kingdom that grew from the ruins of Martel’s son, left a Charlemagne’s empire strong kingdom to his • Otto I of Germany followed Charlemagne’s example two sons: Carloman and • Limited nobles’ power through help from clergy Charles • His powerbase was supported by the bishops and • Carloman died in 771, abbots and Charles siezed control of the kingdom • Followed in Charlemagne’s footsteps by invading Italy on the pope’s behalf in 926 • Charles the Great = • Italians resent German power, popes soon feared the Charlemagne German power over Italy freepages.family.rootsweb.ancestry.com Charlemagne’s Empire 768-843 t • 800 aided Pope Leo III put down rebellious nobles in Rome • Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne “Emperor of the Romans” • Cemented Christian rule in Europe • Outraged Byzantine Emperor who saw himself as Roman successor charlemagne.org webserver.sms.org Legacy of Charlemagne Emperor Clashes with the Pope (Holy Roman Empire) • Revival of Latin learning • The Church resents the power of rulers • Extended Christian • In particular, lay investiture civilization into northern – kings and nobles choosing Church officials Europe • In 1075, Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture • Set up strong, efficient governments • Henry IV ordered Gregory to step down • Began Holy Roman Empire • Church officials sided with Gregory (Germany) • Henry pleaded for forgiveness, journey over the Alps • Could not repel further to a castle where the pope was staying Viking and Magyar • Gregory made him wait three days in the snow invasions before forgiving Henry 5 1/17/2012 Guiding Questions 1.How was Christianity a unifying social and political factor in medieval Europe? – Social factors • Pope led Catholic Church and rose to be the leader of Catholic Europe • Church hierarchy integrated lay members of society • Christianity offered concept of social equality • Church had power of excommunication Guiding Questions 1.How was Christianity a unifying social and political factor in medieval Europe? – Political factors • Pope and high ranking church officials heavily influenced political decisions and leaders • Church governed Papal states in Italy • Church maintained its own courts for cases involving marriage, wills, contracts, orphans, widows, and clergy • Church prohibited warfare during certain days of the week and on holidays (Truce of God) • Church claimed supremacy over civil government, even borrowing crowns upon civil rulers Guiding Questions 2.What are the characteristics of Roman Catholicism? – Church led by Pope – Seven sacraments – Clergy not allowed to marry – Monks and nuns important to society and the spread of religion 6.