Levesque, Jennifer From: Dennis Evans Sent: Sunday, December 20, 2020 6:52 PM To: cityclerk Subject: Oral Communications Attachments: Archimedies Screw Turbines.pdf Recognizing Aqueducts as Green infrastructure Underappreciated and Underutilized Constructed wetlands function like natural tubs or sponges absorbing and slowly releasing water into an engineered process. Which reduces its momentum and erosive potential, reduces flood heights, and allows for groundwater recharge. Constructed Wetland cells store enormous amounts of water. With an opportunityn to desig habitat for endangered species like juvenile salmon or delta smelt. Layered substrate, plants and associated microbes reduce the toxic effects of contaminants in our environment. The systems Archimedean screw turbine converts the flow of discharge water into 500 MWh of power, saving more than 210 tons of CO2 emissions per year. Opening up a door for Proposition 68 grant opportunities for constructed wetland projects that provide groundwater recharge using secondary effluent, stormwater runoff or graywater. A conjunctive multi‐use enhancement of existing projects or used to clean up contamination of groundwater that serves as a source of drinking water for disadvantaged communities. To implement Managed Aquifer Recharge water managers must: 1. Recognize aquifers as green infrastructure and environmental assets, and their replenishment as a public benefit 2. Engage in strategic, integrated, and multi‐disciplinary water management planning 3. Align water sectors, institutions, and regulations 4. Harness innovation, research, and data 5. Provide sufficient and stable funding Because a picture is worth a 1000 words let's examine cited research (w) case studies on page 18 of 34 during the meeting. Respectfully callback information below Dennis J Evans Project Facilitator TOSs Business Solution 1 [NOTICE: This message originated outside of City of Merced ‐‐ DO NOT CLICK on links or open attachments unless you are sure the content is safe.] 2 Levesque, Jennifer From: Dennis Evans Sent: Monday, December 21, 2020 12:37 PM To: cityclerk Subject: Oral Communications Recognizing Managed Aquifer Recharge-MAR as Green Infrastructure Attachments: Archimedies Screw Turbines.pdf Underappreciated and Underutilized Constructed wetlands function like natural tubs or sponges absorbing and slowly releasing water into an engineered process. Which reduces its momentum and erosive potential, reduces flood heights, and allows for groundwater recharge. Each engineered wetland cell stores enormous amounts of water. With an opportunity to design habitat for endangered species like juvenile salmon or delta smelt. Layered substrate, plants and associated microbes reduce the toxic effects of contaminants in our environment. The systems Archimedean screw turbine converts the flow of discharge water into 500 MWh of power, saving more than 210 tons of CO2 emissions per year. Opening up a door for Proposition 68 grant opportunities for constructed wetland projects that provide groundwater recharge using secondary effluent, stormwater runoff or graywater. A conjunctive multi‐use enhancement of existing projects or used to clean up contamination of groundwater that serves as a source of drinking water for disadvantaged communities. I would like to examine cited research (w) case studies on page 18 of 35 during the City Council Meeting please review. Respectfully Dennis J Evans Project Facilitator TOSs Business Solution [NOTICE: This message originated outside of City of Merced ‐‐ DO NOT CLICK on links or open attachments unless you are sure the content is safe.] 1 sustainability Review Archimedes Screw Turbines: A Sustainable Development Solution for Green and Renewable Energy Generation—A Review of Potential and Design Procedures Arash YoosefDoost and William David Lubitz * School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 August 2020; Accepted: 4 September 2020; Published: 8 September 2020 Abstract: Archimedes Screws Turbines (ASTs) are a new form of small hydroelectric powerplant that can be applied even in low head sites. ASTs offer a clean and renewable source of energy and are safer for wildlife and especially fish than other hydro generation options. As with other energy solutions, ASTs are not a global solution for all situations. However, in terms of sustainable development, ASTs can offer many economic, social, and environmental advantages that make them an important option for providing sustainable hydropower development. Archimedes screws can operate in low water heads (less than about 5 m) and a range of flow rates with practical efficiencies of 60% to 80% and can generate up to 355 kW of power. ASTs increase the number of suitable sites where it is possible to develop sustainable hydropower, including in undeveloped, hard to access regions and small communities. At many low head sites, ASTs may be more cost-effective, with lower installation and operating costs than alternative hydropower systems. An AST may also reduce the disturbance of natural sedimentation and erosion processes and have smaller impacts on fish and other fauna. ASTs can often be retrofit to existing unpowered dams or weirs, providing new hydropower capacity for very little marginal environmental impact. This review outlines the characteristics of ASTs, then discusses and analyzes how they could benefit the sustainability of hydropower development. Keywords: sustainable development; Archimedes screw turbine/generator; small/micro/pico hydropower plant; run of river powerplant; fish friendly turbine; low head hydropower 1. Introduction 1.1. Sustainable Development Sustainable development is described as “the organizing principle for the achievement of human development objectives while at the same time preserving the capacity of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecological services on which the economy and community rely” [1]. Sustainable development often implies “a development that addresses current needs without influencing potential generations’ capacity to fulfill their own needs” [2,3]. In 1979 René Passet proposed a three-sphere framework for sustainable development projects [4] (Figure1) According to this framework, development can be considered as sustainable only if it simultaneously has positive social, environmental, and economic impacts. If a project satisfies the economic and social aspects but fails to satisfy the environmental aspects, it is categorized as equitable. If a development project can satisfy the environmental aspects but fails one of the social or economic aspects, the development could still be bearable or viable, respectively. If a development cannot satisfy at least two of the three mentioned aspects, it cannot be categorized Sustainability 2020, 12, 7352; doi:10.3390/su12187352 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2020, 12, 7352 2 of 34 Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 34 anywherecannot satisfy in thisat least definition. two of the Some three mentioned authors consider aspects, a it fourthcannot sustainabilitybe categorized pillar anywhere of culture, in this institutions,definition. Some or governance authors consider [5], or a reconfigurefourth sustainability the four pillar domains of culture, to be social-ecology,institutions, or governance economics, politics,[5], or reconfigure and culture the [four6]. domains Overall, theto be focus social of‐ecology, the modern economics, sustainable politics, development and culture [6]. concept Overall, is simultaneousthe focus of the economic modern development, sustainable development social progress, concept and environmental is simultaneous protection economic for development, current and futuresocial progress, generations and [7 environmental]. protection for current and future generations [7]. Figure 1. Sustainable development as the confluence of three constituent parts. Adapted from [8]. Figure 1. Sustainable development as the confluence of three constituent parts. Adapted from [8]. 1.2. Renewable Energy 1.2. Renewable Energy Renewable energy is defined as energy that is obtained from resources that are fully replenished on a humanRenewable time energy scale [9 is]. defined According as energy to REN21’s that is year obtained 2019 report, from resources renewable that resources are fully provided replenished 2378 GWon a of human power time capacity, scale which [9]. According is more than to 33% REN21’s of the year world’s 2019 total report, electrical renewable generating resources capacity. provided In this list,2378 hydropower GW of power capacity capacity, (excluding which pure is more pumped than storage 33% of capacity) the world’s is 1132 total GW, electrical which is generating about half ofcapacity. total renewable In this list, energy. hydropower It is worth capacity mentioning (excluding that in pure 2018, pumped annual new storage investment capacity) in hydropoweris 1132 GW, grewwhich 11% is about in comparison half of total to the renewable previous yearenergy. [10]. It The is majorityworth mentioning of hydropower that investmentin 2018, annual is in largenew damsinvestment and associated in hydropower generating grew stations 11% thatin comparison inherently include to the complexprevious networks year [10]. of social,The majority economic, of andhydropower ecological investment effects, maybe is in more large than dams any and other associated large infrastructure generating stations project