Nyol et al Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics; 2013, 3(2), 155-161 155 Available online at http://jddtonline.info REVIEW ARTICLE IMMEDIATE DRUG RELEASE DOSAGE FORM: A REVIEW Nyol Sandeep*, Dr. M.M. Gupta Jaipur College of Pharmacy, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India *Corresponding Author’s E-mail:- [email protected] ABSTRACT Among all dosage forms tablet is the most popular dosage form existing today because of its convenience of self administration, compactness and easy manufacturing; sometimes immediate onset of action is required than conventional therapy in many cases. So that to overcome these drawbacks, immediate release dosage form has emerged as alternative oral dosage forms. Immediate drug release dosage forms disintegrate rapidly after administration with enhanced rate of dissolution. The basic approach used in development tablets is the use of superdisintegrants like Cross linked Polyvinylpyrrolidone or crospovidone (Polyplasdone), Sodium starch glycolate (Primogel, Explotab), carboxymethylcellulose (Croscarmellose) etc. These superdisintegrants provide instantaneous disintegration of tablet after administration in stomach. In this field immediate release liquid dosage forms and parenteral dosage form have also been introduced for treating patients. In liquid dosage form can be suspensions with typical dispersion agents like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, AOT (dioctylsulfosuccinate) etc. The development of immediate release therapy also provides an opportunity for a line extension in the marketplace, a wide range of drugs e.g., neuroleptics, cardiovascular drugs, analgesics, antihistamines and other drugs can be considered candidates for this dosage form. As a drug entity nears the end of its patent life, it is common for pharmaceutical manufacturers to develop a given drug entity in a new and improved dosage form. A new dosage form allows a manufacturer to extend market exclusivity, while offering its patient population a more convenient dosage form or dosing regimen. Keywords: - : Immediate release, polymers, superdisintegrant. INTRODUCTION: In the present study and research novel drug delivery excludes formulations which are adapted to provide for systems are developed for expanding markets/indications, “modified”, “controlled”, “sustained”, “prolonged”, extending product life cycles and generating opportunities. “extended” or “delayed” release of drug. Oral administration is the most popular route for systemic Release term includes the provision (or presentation) of effects due to its ease of ingestion, pain, avoidance, drug from the formulation to the gastrointestinal tract, to versatility and most importantly patient compliance. In body tissues and/or into systemic circulation. For these solid formulations do not require sterile conditions gastrointestinal tract release, the release is under pH and are therefore, less expensive to manufacture. Patient conditions such as pH=1 to 3, especially at, or about, compliance, high-precision dosing, and manufacturing pH=1. In one aspect of the invention a formulation as efficiency make tablets the solid dosage form of choice. described herein with a compound of formula (I), or an Excipients and equipments choices will be significantly acid addition salt thereof, in crystalline form releases drug affected should solid dosage form technologies change in under a range of pH conditions. In another aspect of the response to the unprecedented shifts in the drug discovery invention a formulation as described herein with a such as genomics. The development of enhanced oral compound of formula (I), or an acid addition salt thereof, protein delivery technology by immediate release tablets releases drug under pH conditions such as pH=1 to 3, which may release the drugs at an enhanced rate are very especially at, or about, pH=1. Thus, formulations of the promising for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs high invention may release at least 70% (preferably 80%) of molecular weight protein and peptide . The oral route active ingredient within 4 hours, such as within 3 hours, remains the perfect route for the administration of preferably 2 hours, more preferably within 1.5 hours, and therapeutic agents because the low cost of therapy, especially within an hour (such as within 30 minutes), of manufacturing and ease of administration lead to high administration, whether this be oral or parenteral. levels of patient compliance. Many patients require quick onset of action in particular therapeutic condition and Pharmacokinetics: consequently immediate release of medicament is required. It is estimated that50% of the population is affected by this It is the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. After absorption, drug attains therapeutic level problem, which results in a high incidence of ineffective and therefore elicits pharmacological effect, so both rate therapy. and extend of absorption is important. In conventional Definition: dosage form there is delay in disintegration and therefore dissolution is fast. Drug distribution depends on many Immediate release tablets are those which disintegrate factors like tissue permeability, perfusion rate, binding of rapidly and get dissolved to release the medicaments. drug to tissue, disease state, drug interaction etc. Immediate release may be provided for by way of an appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier, Duration and intensity of action depends upon rate of drug which diluent or carrier does not prolong, to an appreciable removal from the body or site of action i.e. extent, the rate of drug release and/or absorption. This term biotransformation. Decrease in liver volume, regional © 2011, JDDT. All Rights Reserved ISSN: 2250-1177 CODEN (USA): JDDTAO Nyol et al Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics; 2013, 3(2), 155-161 156 blood flow to liver reduces the biotransformation of drug Exhibit low sensitivity to environmental condition as through oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis. Excretion by humidity and temperature. renal clearance is slowed, thus half-life of renal excreted Be manufactured using conventional processing and drugs increase. packaging equipment at low cost. Rapid dissolution and absorption of drug, which may Pharmacodynamic: produce rapid onset of action. Drug reception interaction impaired in elderly as well Merits of Immediate Release Drug Delivery System: as in young adult due to undue development of organ. Improved compliance/added convenience Decreased ability of the body to respond reflexive Improved stability, bioavailability stimuli, cardiac output, and orthostatic hypotension Suitable for controlled/sustained release actives may see in taking antihypertensive like prazosin. Allows high drug loading. Ability to provide advantages of liquid medication in Decreased sensitivity of the CVS to α-adrenergic the form of solid preparation. agonist and antagonist. Adaptable and amenable to existing processing and Immunity is less and taken into consideration while packaging machinery administered antibiotics. Cost- effective Improved solubility of the pharmaceutical Altered response to drug therapy-elderly show composition; diminished bronchodilator effect of theophylline Decreased disintegration and dissolution times for shows increased sensitivity to barbiturates. immediate release oral dosage forms; Concomitant illnesses are often present in elderly, Other Excipients: which is also taken into consideration, while multiple drug therapy prescribed. Excipients balance the properties of the actives in immediate release dosage forms. This demands a thorough Research workers have clinically evaluated drug understanding of the chemistry of these excipients to combination for various classes’ cardiovascular prevent interaction with the actives. Determining the cost agents, diuretics, anti-hypertensive etc. for immediate of these ingredients is another issue that needs to be release dosage forms. The combination choice addressed by formulators. The role of excipients is depends on disease state of the patient. important in the formulation of fast-melting tablets. These Problems with Existing Oral Dosage Form: inactive food-grade ingredients, when incorporated in the formulation, impart the desired organoleptic properties and Patient may suffer from tremors therefore they have product efficacy. Excipients are general and can be used difficulty to take powder and liquids. In dysphasia for a broad range of actives, except some actives that physical obstacles and adherence to an oesophagus require masking agents. may cause gastrointestinal ulceration. Swallowing of solid dosage forms like tablet and Bulking Materials: capsules and produce difficulty for young adult of Bulking materials are significant in the formulation of fast- incomplete development of muscular and nervous melting tablets. The material contributes functions of a system and elderly patients suffer from dysphasia. diluent, filler and cost reducer. Bulking agents improve the Liquid medicaments (suspension and emulsion) are textural characteristics that in turn enhance the packed in multidose container; therefore achievement disintegration in the mouth, besides; adding bulk also of uniformity in the content of each dose may be reduces the concentration of the active in the composition. difficult. The recommended bulking agents for this delivery system Buccal and sublingual formation may cause irritation should be more sugar-based such as mannitol, to oral mucosa, so patients refused to use such polydextrose,