VOLUME - TWO Chapter 5-B Sanskritization Process of Manipur Under King Garib Niwaz 239-270 Sairem Nilbir 1. Introduction 239 2. Charairongba as The First Hinduized King 239 3. Initiation of Garib Niwaz into Hinduism 240 4. Destruction of Umang Lai Deities & Temples 241 5. Identification of Gotras with Yeks/Salais 242 6. Introduction of a Casteless/J&raaless Hindu Society 243 7. Burning of Annals or Puyas 243 8. Identification of Manipuri Festivals with Hindu Festivals 246 9. Renaming the Kingdom as Manipur 247 10. Last Days of King Garib Niwaz 247 11. Conclusion 248 References & Notes 249 References 249 Notes 1. The Sanskritization -vs- Indianization Theses 250 2. Descent of Sanamahi Religion 253 (xxii) 3. Hinduism Reached its Apogee during Bhagyachandra's Reign 257 4. Transition from Pakhangba to Sanamahi Lineage 258 5. Sana-Leibak Manipur as Test-Tube of Religion & Identity 260 6. Manipuriness: Values to Defend 262 7. Oriental Happiness 268 "fables 5B-1: Gotras Made Convergent to Ye fc/Sa!ais 243 5B-2: Old Meitei Books Consigned to Flame by GaribNtwaz 244 Chapter 6 Rajarshi Bhagyachandra - The Royal Saint and Patriot 271-314 Dr. KManikchand Singh h Introduction 271 2. Burmese Invasion of 1758 272 3. Bhagyachandra - The Diplomatic Genius 274 4. Bhagyachandra's War with Burma,1764 277 5. Bhagyachandra in the Ahom Capital 278 6. Capture of Wild Elephants 279 7. The Return of Bhagyachandra 281 8. Further Conflict with Burma 283 9. Efficient Administrator 284 10. Unmatched Valour & Patriotism 286 11. Bhagyachandra's Dharma 287 12. Ras-Lila 289 13. Pilgrimage to Vrindavan 293 References, Further References & Notes References 295 Further References 297 Notes 1. Religious Footprints of Bhagyachandra 297 % The Burmese Menace 299 3. Historical Significance of Natural Border of Manipur 304 4. Glorious Reign of Bhagyachandra 305 5. Religious Transformation ofManipur Under Bhagyachandra 306 6. Summing Up 309 7. Economic Content of the Anglo-Manipur Treaty (14 Sept 1762) 310 8. Lasting Consolidation ofManipur 312 9. Rajarshi Bhs^zchandra as an Envisioned Social Engineer 312 Tfcbies 6-1: Burmese l^naee in Ito 302 6-2: Products of Manipur Pledged J^ Cknir^ Ibw^ds Defining Expenses of English Troops 311 Chapter 7 Maharaja Gambhir Singh - The Maker of Modern Manipur! 315-380 Dr. K. Manikchand Singh 1. Introduction 315 2. Lineage of Gambhir Singh 316 3. Gambhir Singh's Self-Exile in Cachar 318 4. Liberation of Manipur by Gambhir Singh 324 5. Gambhir Singh's Khasi Campaign 326 6. Gambhir Singh in Sylhet Rath Yatra & Imam Celebrations 327 7. Gambhir Singh's Cachar Campaign 328 8. Gambhir Singji's Campaign in Naga Hills upto Assam Border 329 9. Political Map of Greater Manipur Delineated by Gambhir Singh 330 10. Gambhir Singh's Creditable Achievements 333 11. Gambhir Singh as the Heralder of Modern Manipur?: 335 12. Cession of the Kabo Valley 337 13. The Tragic End of Gambhir Singh 340 14. British Modus Opercmdi to Further Cut up Manipur 341 References, Further References & Notes References 344 Further References 346 Notes 1. Definitions 346 2. De Facto Position of Manipur between 1826 and 1891 346 3. De Jure Sovereignty Status of Manipur after 1826 347 4. Anglo-Manipuri Relations 351 5. The Modernization Process 353 6. Manipur's Case on the Kabo Valley Issue 356 7. Transcending Issues of Burma-Manipur Boundary in the 20th Century 362 8. Pony as Possible Cause for Manipur's Seven Years' Devastation 362 9. History of Shri Govindaji's Temple 363 Appendices: I: Manipur Monarchs'Campaign & Occupation; Kabo Valley & Trans-Chindwin Basin 365 II: Genealogical Tree of Konbaung or Alaungjaya Dynasty (1752-1846) 367 HI: Translation of the Conditions Entered into by Rajah Gambhir Singh of 368 Munnipore, On British Government Agreeing to Annex to Munnipore The Two Ranges of Hills Situated between The Eastern & Western Bends of the Barak, The 18th April 1833 (Aitchison C.U.No. LXX -1833) IV: The Kubbo Valley, & Affairs on That Frontier: pjrtr^^ fi^m Clmpter VII: 369 The Kubbo Valley, & Affairs on That Frontier of J.Clartee's Precis of Correspondence, & c. Regarding Manipur Affairs & the Cession of the Kubo Wiley to Burma) V: List of 38 Heitas Engaged fto 380 (XXEV) Chapter 8 Discernible Impact of Buddhism & Vaishnavism on Manipuri Culture- 331-429 A Historiography DK M Kirti Singh 1. Introduction 381 2. Theory of Divine Kingphip/Lainingthou 382 3. Death Status of A Ruler 383 4. Manipur on the Silk Route 384 5. Theory of Absence of Buddhism in Ancient Manipur-A Criticism 387 6. Buddhist Influence on Manipur Valley's Life & Culture 388 7. Influence on The Vishnu Temple of Lamangdong 389 8. Influence on Manipuri Literature 389 9. Position of Ramanandi & Its Influence 389 10. Failure of Buddhism & Ramanandi Movements 390 11. Ascent of Gandiya Vaishnavism 391 12. Success of Bengal Vaishnavism in Manipur 392 13. Impact of Neo-Vaishnavism 394 14. Development of Manipuri Style of Dancing & Other Plastic Arts 395 15. Hare Krishna Movement in Manipur 397 16. Indian Cultural Expansion Vs. Local Autonomy 398 17. Position of Manipur During World War II & Thereafter 400 18. Conclusion 401 References & Notes References 402 Notes 1. Accessibility of Manipur from both Occident & Orient 403 2. The Process of Cultural Transformation in South East Asia 405 3. Eastern Spirituality & Western Enlightenment 407 4. Sanskritization of Manipur 408 5. Buddhism & Hinduism-'Branches of the same Tree' 414 6. Metamorphosis of Buddhism 417 7. Ancient Silk Road as Buddhist Yana 419 8. Present Status of Buddhism in China 422 9. Glossary of Buddhist Terms 424 Tables Table 8.1: The Permitted Five: Religions in China 424 Chapter 9 Similarities Between Sanamahi & Vaishnavism 430-473 B. Kulachandra Sharma 1. Introduction 430 2. Some Basic Definitions 431 (xxv) 3. The Religious Facets of the Manipuri Nationhood 432 4. Emergence & Spread of Religious Beliefs Through History 434 5. Manipur's Religious Facets & Phases 435 6. Pre-Hinduized Phases & Facets 436 7. Main Features of Sanamahi 438 8. The Hinduized Phase 441 9. The Mode & Worship of Vaishnavite Deities in Manipur 443 10. Similarities Between Sanamahi &Vaishnavism 444 11. The Amalgamated/Composite Religious Phase 449 12. Conclusion 455 References & Notes References 455 Notes 1. Evidence of Animism in Manipur but with a Difference 457 2. Evidence of Ancestor Worship still Common 458 3. The Cult of Spirit Worship 459 4. Evidence of Pakhangba Worship 459 5. Sanamahi as State Religion 459 6. Interpretation of Manipur Sana Leibak in terms of Ahong-Achao 464 7. Accidents of Manipur History 465 Tables 9-1: Comparable Incarnations of Meitei Sanamahi & Hinduism 446 9-2: Comparable Deities in Sanamahi &Vaishnavite Hierarchies 451 9-3: Important Religious and other Events in Royal Manipur Genealogy 466 Chapter 10 The Synthesizing Role Of The I.N.A. Martyrs' Memorial: Moirang & The Indo-Japanese Peace Cenotaph: Lotpaching (Red Hills) 474-524 Manindra Singh Mairembam 1. Pivotal Role of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose 474 2. Manipur in the Freedom Struggle 478 3. 'OPERATION-U': The Imphal Campaign 482 4. Battle of Lotpaching or The Red-Hill (R. K.2926) 486 5. Last Bid in "The Imphal Campaign' 488 6. Netaji's Own Assessment of 'The Imphal Campaign' 492 7. Unique Place of 'Imphal' in The Freedom Struggle 494 8. Emergence of The INA-Martyrs' MemorialComplex, Moirang 497 9. Inception of The 'Indo-Japanese Peace Cenotaph' 499 10. International Significance of The Indo-Japanese Peace Cenotaph 500 11. Freedom-Fighters Enshrined in The INA Memorial Complex 502 References, Further References & Notes References (xxvi) Further References 510 Notes 1. Synthesizing Role of History 511 2. Military Significance of Burma 511 3. Genesis of The Freedom Struggle-National Spectrum 512 4. Attitude of Southeast Asian Nations Against Colonization 512 5. Genesis of The Freedom Struggle-Since 1904 In Manipur 513 6. Mahatma Gandhi & Rabindranath Tagore on Netaji 514 Tables 10-1: Estimated Loss of Japanese Soldiers in the Imphal Campaign 488 10-2: Contributor-Governments: Construction of The INA Complex 503 10-3: Districtwise List of Freedom Fighters: Manipur 504 Appendix Highlights of The Freedom Struggle & The Imphal Campaign: 515.