Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for United States (see Gordon and Gantz 2008) Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., K.J. Tancig, D.A. Onderdonk and C.A. Gantz. In press. Assessing the invasive potential of biofuel species proposed for Florida and the United States using the Australian weed risk assessment. Biomass and Bioenergy. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.08.029. Pennisetum purpureum -- United States test Question Answer Score 1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0 1.02 Has the species become naturalised where grown? 1.03 Does the species have weedy races? 2.01 Species suited to U.S. climates (USDA hardiness zones; 0-low, 1-intermediate, 2-high) 2 2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y 1 2.04 Native or naturalized in regions with an average of 11-60 inches of annual precipitation y 1 2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y 3.01 Naturalized beyond native range y 2 3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n 0 3.03 Weed of agriculture y 4 3.04 Environmental weed y 4 3.05 Congeneric weed y 2 4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 0 4.02 Allelopathic n 0 4.03 Parasitic n 0 4.04 Unpalatable to grazing animals n -1 4.05 Toxic to animals n 0 4.06 Host for recognised pests and pathogens n 0 4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 0 1 4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 0 4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle n 0 4.10 Grows on one or more of the following soil types: alfisols, entisols, or mollisols y 1 4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit n 0 4.12 Forms dense thickets y 1 5.01 Aquatic n 0 5.02 Grass y 1 5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0 5.04 Geophyte n 0 6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat n 0 6.02 Produces viable seed y 1 6.03 Hybridizes naturally ? 6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic ? 6.05 Requires specialist pollinators n 0 6.06 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y 1 6.07 Minimum generative time (years) 7.01 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) 7.02 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 1 7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n -1 7.04 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y 1 7.05 Propagules water dispersed 7.06 Propagules bird dispersed 7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) ? 7.08 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) 8.01 Prolific seed production n -1 8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) 8.03 Well controlled by herbicides y -1 2 8.04 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation y 1 8.05 Effective natural enemies present in U.S. Total Score 18 Outcome Reject section # questions answered satisfy minimum? A 11 Yes B 12 Yes C 14 Yes total 37 Yes Data collected 2008 Question number Reference Source data 1.01 Cultivated, but no evidence of selection for reduced weediness. 1.02 1.03 2.01 1. PERAL NAPPFAST Global Plant 1. Global plant hardiness zones 9-13. 2. Hardiness "Distributional range: Native: AFRICA: (http://www.nappfast.org/Plant_hardiness/N Northeast Tropical Africa: Ethiopia [s.]; East APPFAST%20Global%20zones/10- Tropical Africa: Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda; year%20climate/PLANT_HARDINESS_10Y West-Central Tropical Africa: Cameroon; R%20lgnd.tif). 2. USDA, ARS, National West Tropical Africa: Cote D'Ivoire; Ghana; Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Guinea; Liberia; Nigeria; Sierra Leone; Togo; Resources Information Network - (GRIN) South Tropical Africa: Angola; Malawi; [Online Database]. National Germplasm Mozambique; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Other: Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. naturalized in s. Africa, tropical Asia, URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- Australia, ...Mexico, Central America, South bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?27208 (02 June America, West Indies, Macaronesia, 2008). 3. USDA, NRCS. 2008. The Micronesia, & Galapagos." 3. "Temperature, PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, Minimum (°F) 17." 4. "Origin: Tropical 20 May 2008). National Plant Data Center, Africa." 5. "Range: Cultivated escape; also Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. 4. known from other tropical regions throughout Henderson, L. (2001) Alien Weeds and the world, originally from Africa." 6. "Annual Invasive Plants. Agricultural Research temperatures of 13.6-27.3°C". 7. 3 Council. 5. McMullen, C K. (1999) "Distribution: A native of Tropical Africa". 8. Flowering Plants of the Galápagos. "Cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca. 6. Hainan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, El Bassam, N. (1998) Energy Plant Species: Yunnan [native to Africa]."; "Native in Africa, Their Use and Impact on Environment and but not introduced to many tropical Development. James & James (Science countries". 9. "Origin and geographic Publishers) Ltd, London. 7. Bor, N L. (1960) distribution: Of tropical African origin". The grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India, and Pakistan, excluding Bambuseae. Pergamon Press, New York. 8. Pennisetum purpureum in Flora of China @ efloras.org. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora _id=2&taxon_id=200025859. Accessed July 17, 2008. 9. Mannetje, L 't & Jones, R M, eds. (1992) Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). No. 4. Forages. Prosea, Bogor, Indonesia. 2.02 2.03 1. Köppen-Geiger climate map (http://www.hydrol-earth-syst- sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633- 2007.pdf). 2. USDA, ARS, National Genetic 1. Three climatic regions. 2. "Distributional Resources Program. Germplasm Resources range: Native: AFRICA: Northeast Tropical Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Africa: Ethiopia [s.]; East Tropical Africa: Database]. National Germplasm Resources Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda; West-Central Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: Tropical Africa: Cameroon; West Tropical http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- Africa: Cote D'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?27208 (02 June Nigeria; Sierra Leone; Togo; South Tropical 2008). 3. Henderson, L. (2001) Alien Africa: Angola; Malawi; Mozambique; Weeds and Invasive Plants. Agricultural Zambia; Zimbabwe; Other: naturalized in s. Research Council. 4. McMullen, C K. Africa, tropical Asia, Australia,...Mexico, (1999) Flowering Plants of the Galápagos. Central America, South America, West Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca. 5. Indies, Macaronesia, Micronesia, & Bor, N L. (1960) The grasses of Burma, Galapagos." 3. "Origin: Tropical Africa." 4. Ceylon, India, and Pakistan, excluding "Range: Cultivated escape; also known from Bambuseae. Pergamon Press, New York. other tropical regions throughout the world, 6. Pennisetum purpureum in Flora of China originally from Africa." 5. "A native of @ efloras.org. URL: Tropical Africa". 6. "Cultivated. Fujian, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangsu, _id=2&taxon_id=200025859. Accessed July Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [native to 17, 2008. 7. Mannetje, L 't & Jones, R M, Africa]."; "Native in Africa, but not introduced eds. (1992) Plant Resources of South-East to many tropical countries". 7. "Origin and Asia (PROSEA). No. 4. Forages. Prosea, geographic distribution: Of tropical African Bogor, Indonesia origin". 2.04 1. Atlapedia Online 1. For Ethiopia: the hot semiarid (http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/e northeastern and southeastern lowlands 4 thiopia.htm). 2. Atlapedia Online receive less than 500 mm (20 inches) of (http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/k precipitation annually and are highly enya.htm). 3. Atlapedia Online susceptible to drought. 2. For Kenya: over (http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/t 70% of the country is arid receiving less than anzania.htm). 4. Atlapedia Online 510 mm (20 inches) of annual precipitation (http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/u while rainfall is greatest in the highlands. 3. ganda.htm). 5. Atlapedia Online For Tanzania: around 50% of the country (http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/c receives an annual precipitation of 760 mm ameroon.htm). 6. Aquastat global (30 inches) with the maximum being 2,540 information system on water and agriculture, mm (100 inches) at Lake Nyasa and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the minimum, 510 mm (20 inches) on the Central United Nations Plateau. 4. For Uganda: the areas of Lake (http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/f Victoria as well as the west and southwest actsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_civ.pdf). 7. mountains receive the highest amount of Britannica Online Encyclopedia rainfall with an annual average precipitation (www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/2323 exceeding 1,500 mm (60 inches) whereas 76/Ghana/55172/Climate). 8. Atlapedia the areas in the center or northeast receive Online less than 1,000 mm (39 inches) annually. 5. (http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/g For Cameroon: average annual precipitation uinea.htm). 9. Atlapedia Online is 4,030 mm (159 inches). 6. For Cote (http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/li D'Ivoire: long-term average annual beria.htm). 10. Atlapedia Online precipitation is 1348 mm/year (53.07 (http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/n inches/year). 7. For Ghana: the mean igeria.htm). 11. Atlapedia Online annual precipitation is between 40 and 55 (http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/s inches (1,020 and 1,400 mm), but there is a ierrale.htm). 12. Atlapedia Online marked moisture deficit because of the long, (http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/t intensely dry season that follows. In the ogo.htm). 13. Aquastat global information southern forest country, where the annual system on water and agriculture, Food and mean precipitation from north to south has a Agriculture Organization of the United range of about 50 to 86 inches (1,270 to Nations 2,180 mm), there are two rainy seasons.