Performance and Emission Characteristics of an Aircraft Turbo Diesel Engine using JET-A Fuel by Sean Christopher Underwood B.S. Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005 B.S. Mathematics, Georgia Southwestern State University, 2005 Submitted to the Department of Aerospace Engineering and the Faculty of the Graduate School of Engineering at the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Committee: ________________________________ Dr. Ray Taghavi, Committee Chairman ________________________________ Dr. Saeed Farokhi, Committee Member ________________________________ Dr. Mark Ewing, Committee Member ___________________ Date Thesis Defended The Thesis Committee for Sean Christopher Underwood certifies that this is the approved Version of the following thesis: Performance and Emission Characteristics of an Aircraft Turbo Diesel Engine using JET-A Fuel Committee: ________________________________ Dr. Ray Taghavi, Committee Chairman ________________________________ Dr. Saeed Farokhi, Committee Member ________________________________ Dr. Mark Ewing, Committee Member ___________________ Date Approved i Abstract Performance and emission data was acquired by testing an aircraft turbo diesel engine with JET-A at the Mal Harned Propulsion Laboratory of the University of Kansas. The performance data was analyzed and compared to the presented data of the manufacturer. The performance test data of the engine was similar to those reported in the handbook of the engine. The emission data was collected in percent of volume, mass, and part per million units. The different types of pollutants that were evaluated were NOx, CO, CO2, and HC. The emission investigation demonstrates that the aircraft turbo diesel emission data (g/kg fuel) was close to other turbine engines reported in the literature. The emission data of the diesel engine was not predicted to equal the turbine engine, but was predicted to be smaller. In addition, the emission testing established that the CO emission from the diesel engine was significantly lower than a spark-ignition reciprocating aircraft engine. Emission regulations were used to verify the turbo diesel engine’s emission data. The engine passed all the requirements from the International Civil Aviation Organization and the Federal Aviation Administration. ii Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to express my appreciation to the University of Kansas - Aerospace Department, for giving me the chance to study and work with the finest people at the school. Studying and working with Dr. Ray Taghavi and Dr. Saeed Farokhi has been a wonderful learning opportunity. I would also want to thank them and Dr. Mark Ewing for being on my thesis committee. The research was financially supported by Transportation Research Institute (TRI) and Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS) - without their support this project couldn’t happen. I would like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Richard Hale and Dr. Robert Honea for making this possible. Special thanks go to Andy Pritchard and Carrie Hohl for helping me in testing and setting up of my experiments and Dr. Dennis Lane for providing the emission testing equipment. In addition, I would like to express gratitude to the friends in and around the Aerospace Department. Other thanks go to Dr. Paul Arentzen and Casey Sweeten for aiding me with my data and Diana Marcolino for her editing abilities and understanding. Finally, I wish to thank my family for their love, encouragement, and understanding. I would not be where I am today without my mother’s guidance and support. iii Table of Contents Abstract......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements......................................................................................................iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ iv Nomenclature.............................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................. ix List of Tables ............................................................................................................. xiv 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objective................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Global Warming .................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS)............................................ 3 1.4 Emission ................................................................................................................. 3 1.4.1 Emission Pollutants ......................................................................................................... 4 1.4.2 Emission Requirements ................................................................................................... 6 1.4.2.1 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) ................................................ 7 1.4.2.2 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)................................................................ 9 1.4.2.3 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)............................................................ 10 1.4.3 Emission Technology .................................................................................................... 11 1.4.3.1 Catalytic Converter .............................................................................................. 11 1.4.3.2 Ultra Low Emissions Combustor......................................................................... 14 1.5 Apparatus and Equipment ................................................................................. 16 1.5.1 Mal Harned Propulsion Laboratory............................................................................... 16 1.5.1.1 Test Cell............................................................................................................... 16 1.5.1.2 Test Stand ............................................................................................................ 17 1.5.1.3 Load Cell.............................................................................................................. 18 1.5.1.4 Control Panel ....................................................................................................... 20 1.5.2 Thielert - Centurion ....................................................................................................... 21 1.5.2.1 Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC)................................................. 24 1.5.2.2 Propeller............................................................................................................... 25 1.5.2.3 Fuels..................................................................................................................... 26 1.5.3 Sensors - Semtech.......................................................................................................... 28 1.5.3.1 Heated Flame Ionization Detector ....................................................................... 30 1.5.3.2 Non-Dispersive Ultraviolet.................................................................................. 30 1.5.3.3 Non-Dispersive Infrared ...................................................................................... 31 1.5.3.4 Electrochemical Sensor........................................................................................ 32 1.5.3.5 Exhaust Flow Meter............................................................................................. 32 2 Analysis............................................................................................................... 33 2.1 Engine Performance Analysis............................................................................. 33 2.2 Engine Emission Analysis ................................................................................... 37 3 Results and Discussions..................................................................................... 43 iv 3.1 Engine Performance............................................................................................ 43 3.1.1 Test Stand Calibration ................................................................................................... 43 3.1.1.1 Torque Calibration............................................................................................... 43 3.1.1.2 Thrust Calibration ................................................................................................ 48 3.1.2 Engine Performance Investigation................................................................................. 52 3.1.3 Performance Data Comparison/Validation.................................................................... 68 3.2 Engine Emission................................................................................................... 70 3.2.1 Engine Emission Investigation ...................................................................................... 70 3.2.2 Emission Data Comparison/Validation ......................................................................... 89 4 Conclusions