Map 5. la— Ranges of two locally endemic subspecies on the edges of their parent species' ranges. Potholes meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus kincaidi) and its parent species, meadow vole (M. pennsylvanicus). Terrestrial Map 5.1b— Ranges of two locally endemic subspecies on the edges of their parent species' ranges. White Salmon pocket goph< (Thomomys talpoides limosus) and its parent species, northern pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoiaes). Terrestrial \ Map 5.2a—Examples of vertebrate species with disjunct ranges within and adjacent to the Basin: Woodhouse's toad, green frog and Northern bobwhite. Terrestrial Map 5.2b--Examples of vertebrate species with disjunct ranges within and adjacent to the Basin: California mountain kingsnake, ground snake, longnose snake, and wild turkey. Terrestrial Plethodon idahoensis), no reptiles, 12 birds (includ- Species Associated with Snags, ing 5 raptors, 4 primary cavity excavators, and Including Cavity-users others), and 3 mammals (American marten, heather vole Phenacomys intermedius, and wood- Another forest component is the presence of dead land caribou) show particular correlations to standing trees or snags. Primary cavity-excavator canopy condition. birds include some 17 species (3 chickadees, 3 nuthatches, and the rest woodpeckers). Beyond Other species show correlations with other forest these 17 species are an additional 29 species of stand characteristics, including tree bark structure, vertebrates that closely associate with snag sub- tree diameter (dbh), stem density, and flora. Cer- strates. These include 3 amphibians, 3 raptors, 7 tainly, many species can be included in these lists, bats, and 3 carnivores, which use a variety of but the species listed above provide a beginning specific snag characteristics for a wide variety of point for identifying good indicators of changes in purposes. At least another 14 species are obligate canopy conditions. secondary cavity-users (see discussion below under the section Interspecies Relations). Species Associated with Mistletoe Brooms A set of species show correlations with mistletoe Species Associated with Down Wood brooms in tree crowns, including at least one Among the listed, candidate, or potential candi- invertebrate, the gossamer-winged butterfly date species of plants, 46 fungi species, the de- Mitowra johnsoni (Lycaenidae). Among verte- cayed wood bryophyte group, and five lichen brates, the marbled murrelet, spruce grouse groups were identified in the database as associated (Dendragapus canadensis), Cooper's hawk (Accipiter with down wood. At least 11 invertebrate species cooperit), long-eared owl (Asia otus), and American were identified as examples of the several thousand fisher (Martes pennant!) all use mistletoe brooms species associated with down wood. Two examples for a variety of purposes. are the checkered beetle, Enoclerus sphegeus (Cleridae), which uses both fresh down wood and Species Associated with also intact but older down wood; and the Dead Parts of Live Trees leafcutting bee Osmia bruneri (Megachilidae), which uses snags and stumps, but also uses down Among species associated with dead tree branches wood stems with abandoned beetle burrows. are the bark beetle Scolytus ventralis (Scolytidae), 6 Additionally, 82 species of amphibians, reptiles, species of woodpeckers, and 2 owls [great gray owl birds, and mammals show correlations with down (Strix nebulosa) and, though it occurs erratically wood. within the Basin, northern hawk owl (Surnia ulula)]. Interestingly, our investigations uncovered a small set of species that seem, in part, to spe- Species Associated with cialize on bark piles at the base of snags. These Trees With Exfoliating Bark include at least the invertebrate Pseudogarypus hesperus (Psendogarypidae: Chernilldal), and Some six vertebrates specialize on trees with exfoli- two amphibians, the northwestern salamander ating (peeling) bark: the white-headed woodpecker Ambystoma gracile (which also uses down logs), (Picoides albolarvatus), the brown creeper (Certhia and the Larch Mountain salamander Plethodon americana), and four bats [silver-haired bat larselli (which uses bark piles especially in the (Lasionycteris noctivagans), California myotis driest season in sites that also have moist talus (Myotis californicus), little brown myotis (Myotis and low soil content). lucifugus), and Yuma myotis (Myotisyumanensis)], although some of these species also use other substrates as roost or nest sites. Terrestrial Species Associated with Litter And Duff the warbler more in brushland, riparian, and fire- generated shrubby montane sites with deciduous Some example species listed in the SER database trees in the understory. Lewis' (Melanerpes lewis), that are closely associated with litter and duff black-backed (Picoides arcticus), and three-toed conditions include six species of fungi, the humus/ (Picoides tridactylus) woodpeckers, along with duffbryophyte group, one lichen species and two mountain and western bluebirds (Sialia currucoides lichen groups (nitrogen-fixing soil lichens, and and Sialia mexicana), associate with sites where rotten log and tree base lichens). The carib beetle fires have killed the forest overstory. Pterostichus protractus (Carabidae) associates with fallen woody material and litter, as well as with Black-backed and three-toed woodpeckers associ- bases of herbaceous plants, rocks, and snags. ate with mid- to high-elevation forests following Among vertebrates, at least four shrews, the shrew- irruptions of insect populations such as bark mole, and three songbirds show close associations beetles. In the eastern portion of the Basin, the with litter and duff, uncommon Tennessee warbler (Vermivora peregrina) increases after outbreaks of spruce Species Associated with Fire Processes budworm. and Insect Outbreaks Species associated with Recreation Plant species show various responses to fire sup- Activities, Roads, and Trails pression, frequency, intensity, and seasonality (table 5.15). Response to fire by fungus, lichen, As with all other management activities, ground and bryophyte species generally is not known, and and soil disturbances associated with recreational response by vertebrate species is not easily de- areas, roads, and trails, can have positive, neutral, picted. and negative effects on distribution or abundance of species. Among vertebrates, black-tailed deer Among the many invertebrates that respond in may be negatively affected by the presence of various ways to fire, three examples are the lace cross-country skiers, destination resorts, logging bug Acalypta cooleyi (Tingidae), which is adversely activities, off-road vehicle activity, roads, and affected by prescribed (and unprescribed) range subdivisions. Other species also adversely affected fires that burn mosses; bark beetles including by such disturbance activities include tailed frog Dendroctonuspseudotsugae (Scolytidae), which are (Ascaphus truef), western toad (Bufo boreas), positively correlated with forest fire intensity and Woodhouse's toad (Bufo woodhousii), Great Basin that associate with forest stands with severe spadefoot, Coeur d'Alene salamander, sage grouse, drought (but not with forest stands with few to no and mountain goat. fire-injured Douglas-fir trees greater than 30 cm dbh within a 10-km radius); and the thatch ant Vertebrates benefiting from disturbance activities Formica obscuripes (Formicidae), which is posi- are species associated with building structures, tively correlated with fire frequency. including swallows and some of the bats (such as pallid bat Antrozouspallidus); gravel road and Among the vertebrates, western tanager (Piranga shoreline substrates, benefiting species such as ludoviciana) and purple martin (Progne subis) killdeer; agricultural areas, benefiting species such respond positively to recent burns (tanagers more as horned lark (Eremophila alpestris) and rosy in cottonwood riparian forest, and martins in finches (Leucosticte spp.); and human presence and locations near water). Red-headed woodpecker habitations, benefiting species such as house spar- Melanerpes erythrocephalus (rare in the Basin) and row (Passer domesticus), opossum, house mouse orange-crowned warbler (Vermivora celata) re- (Mus musculus), and black rat (Rattus rattus). spond more to older burns, the woodpecker in cottonwood/oak forests and open woodlands, and Terrestrial Table 5.15— Plant species associated with various aspects of fire dynamics (excluding fungi). BG = bryophyte group, L = lichen, LG = lichen group, P = vascular plant, PG = vascular plant group (source: SER database). Class Name Class Name Fire Suppression Activities Positive Effect LG Pioneer Soil Stabilizer Lichens LG Tree Crusts P Collomia renacta Negative Effect BG Aquatic Submerged Bryophyte BG Decayed Wood Bryophyte BG Epiphytic Bryophyte BG Humus Duff Bryophyte BG Rock Wet Bryophyte BG Soil Dry Bryophyte L Oceanic Fruticose L Texosporium sancti-jacobi LG Charred Snag Lichens LG Forage Lichens LG Fruticose Tree Lichens LG Leaf Lichens LG Moss and Detritus Binders Lichens LG N-fixing epiphytes lichens LG N-fixing riparian lichens LG N-fixing soil lichens LG Oceanic forage lichens LG Oceanic leaf lichens LG Oceanic tree crust lichens LG Pin Lichens LG Riparian Lichens LG Rotten Log and Tree Base Lichens LG Soil lichens P Allium dictuon P Amsinckia carinata P Arabis falcifructa P Arabis fecunda P Arabis suffrutescens var. horizontalis P Aster jessicae P Astragalus anserinus P Astragalus atratus var. inseptus P Astragalus mulfordiae P