Energy Efficient Electric Vehicles Lessons from Abroad Dr. Shannon Arvizu Mr. Robert Hall Why EVs? What do successful EV Movements look like? The EV Movement in the U.S. Who Leads the EV Network in the US? Entrepreneurs Government Established Agencies Firms Media Research Orgs NGOs Utilities Revenge of the Electric Car Global EV Movement US 1 million EVs by 2015 Germany 1 million EVs by 2050, 5 million by 2030 UK 1.2 million EVs by 2020, 3 million by 2030 France 2 million EVs by 2020 China 5 million EVs by 2020 Japan 2 million EVs by 2025 Israel 100% EVs by 2020 EV Movement in Israel Who Leads the EV Network in Israel? Entrepreneurs Media Government Agencies Established Firms Utilities Venture Capitalists Better Place Goes Global What are the ingredients for a successful EV Movement? 1- Establish Network Partnerships for EV Technology Development and Public Awareness 2- Political Leadership for Energy Independence 3- Incentive Policies to Build Capacity of Local Industry What targeted incentives are used to stimulate an EV Movement? An EV Policy Package includes incentives for: 1-Manufacturers of Vehicles and Suppliers 2-Consumers/Fleet Operators 3-Charging Infrastructure Companies 1- Incentives for EV Manufacturing Public and private financing for vehicle and battery research, demonstration, and deployment (U.S. and China) Regional tax and rent subsidies to attract manufacturing plants (U.S.) Government fleet orders of EVs (Europe and U.S.) 2- Incentives to EV Owners Tax Credits or Reduced Sales Tax (UK, US, China, Israel, Denmark) Fee-bates (CA) Preferential parking and/or traffic lanes (CA) Exemption from congestion policies (China) Reduced franchise fees from city governments 3- Incentives for Infrastructure Deployment Subsidies and loans for charging infrastructure equipment manufacturing and installation (U.S.) Make public/private land available for charging stations (Israel) Subsidies and loans for home-charging units for consumers (U.S.) What Can We Learn from China? A Short-Sighted Vision in China -20/40 regulation is lax. -Demand for faster and heavier EV 2-wheelers. -Network is dominated by unregulated EV 2- wheeler manufacturers who use outdated EV battery technology. Can China Change Course? 90% of EV bikes in China use lead-acid batteries (10- 20 kg of lead in each battery) Need to be replaced every 12-18 months Mining, producing, and recycling lead is a problem The right set of policies will: 1. Establish a target and a roadmap for energy independence 2. Build public-private partnerships between the EV network of stakeholders 3. Drive demand from early adopters to the mainstream market 4. Take into consideration clean energy usage and the lifecycle of vehicles and batteries 5. Create a culture and economy of clean tech innovation EVs and EV concepts are not new… • Battery powered EV with on-board ICE generator • Designed & built by team of 38 undergraduate engineers over 18 months • Won Ford HEV Challenge, in competition with universities across US & CA 1993 …But only recently are global auto makers bringing EVs to the mainstream market. EVs Available Globally Now Nissan LEAF Battery: Lithium-ion Range: 160km Available: Japan, US, Ireland, UK Manufactured: Japan, US EVs Available Globally Now Chevrolet Volt Battery: Lithium-ion Range: 64km all-electric / 610km total Available: US Manufactured: US EVs Available Globally Now Tesla Roadster Battery: Lithium-ion Range: 352km Available: 30 countries Manufactured: US & UK (assembly) EVs Available Globally Now Think City Battery: Lithium-ion Range: 160km Available: Norway, Netherlands, Spain, France, Austria, Switzerland, Finland, US Manufactured: Finland, US EVs Available Globally Now BMW Mini-E Battery: Lithium-ion Range: 250km Available: Limited in Germany, US, UK Manufactured: UK EVs Available Globally Now Electric Battery Battery Pack Range Charge Time Vehicle Chemistry (all electric) Nissan LEAF Lithium-ion 24 kWh; 192 160 km 8h at 230VAC (Li- cells; 80 Wh/kg; manganese) 272 kg Chevrolet Volt Lithium-ion 16 kWh; 181 kg 64 km 10h at 115VAC (Li- 4h at 230VAC manganese) Tesla Lithium-ion 56 kWh; 6,831 352 km 3.5h at 240VAC, 70 amp Roadster (Li-cobalt) computer ‘18650’ 10h at 240VAC, 24 amp cells; 450kg BMW Mini-E Lithium-ion 35 kWh 250 km 26h at 115VAC (Li-NMC) 4.5h at 230VAC, 32 amp Think City Lithium-ion 24.5 kWh 160 km 8h at 115VAC (Li- manganese) So, why did mainstream commercial availability take so long…? 1993 2011 Improvements in Energy Density of Selected Battery Types, by Year Battery Technology: Comparing Energy Densities Envision EV Success Email: [email protected], [email protected] Appendix Battery Technology .