Angang Hu China’s Road and China’s Dream An Analysis of the Chinese Political Decision-Making Process Through the National Party Congress China’s Road and China’s Dream Angang Hu China’s Road and China’s Dream An Analysis of the Chinese Political Decision-Making Process Through the National Party Congress 123 Angang Hu School of Public Policy and Management Tsinghua University Beijing China ISBN 978-981-10-7421-9 ISBN 978-981-10-7422-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7422-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017964261 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Contents 1 Background, Preparation and Experience of the National Congress .............................................. 1 1.1 Background and Comparison of Political Elections in China and the United States .......................... 2 1.2 Preparation Process of the 18th National Congress of CPC ...... 6 1.3 Process of the 18th National Congress of CPC ............... 20 2 Main Spirits and Main Objectives .......................... 41 2.1 Conclusion of Development in the Past Decade in the 18th National Congress of CPC ..................... 42 2.2 Understanding of China’s Challenges ..................... 54 2.3 China’s Road ....................................... 55 2.4 China’s System ..................................... 67 2.5 China’s Confidence................................... 72 2.6 General Basis, Overall Arrangement, General Assignment ...... 74 2.7 2020 China: Building Moderately Prosperous Society .......... 84 2.8 Main Characteristics of the Report to the 18th National Congress of CPC .................................... 97 3 Transition of the Central Leadership Group .................. 99 3.1 Background: China’s Road and the Transition of the Central Leadership Group .................................... 100 3.2 Historical Development of the Mechanism of Group Transition .................................. 104 3.3 The Statesmen Group in China and Generation Mechanism ..... 109 3.4 Introduction and Appraisal of the New Central Leadership Group .................................... 115 3.5 Historical Summary: Serving as a Link between Past and Future and Continuing to Forge Ahead ............. 123 v vi Contents 4 Ecological Civilization Construction and Green Development...... 127 4.1 Evolution of Human Civilization: Agricultural Civilization, Industrial Civilization, and Ecological Civilization ............ 129 4.2 Constant Understanding of Chinese Communist Party to Ecological Civilization .......................... 135 4.3 Ecological Civilization Construction Becomes One of the Largest Innovations .......................... 146 4.4 Idea, Objective Approach of Ecological Civilization Construction ........................................ 148 4.5 Ecological Civilization Construction Mission in the Report ....................................... 153 4.6 Time of Ecological Civilization: Reducing Ecological Deficit and Realizing Ecological Surplus ................... 158 4.7 Ecological Civilization Manifesto of the Chinese Communist Party .................................... 168 5 China’s Dream: Number One in the World ................... 169 5.1 “America First”: Chasing History of World Modernization ...... 170 5.2 “Great Power’s Dream” of China to “Catch up with and Surpass America” ............................. 171 5.3 Decade for China to Accelerate Catching up with and Partially Surpass America (2001–2010) ................. 174 5.4 Decade for China to Fully Catch up with and All-Round Surpass America (2011–2020) ............... 178 5.5 “China No. 1”: International Significance and Historical Opportunity ............................. 181 Postscript ................................................... 183 List of Figures Fig. 2.1 Proportion of state-owned enterprises to the operating incomes of fortune global 500 and proportion of chinese GDP to world GDP (1996–2011) ................ 52 Fig. 2.2 Proportion of Chinese and Russian GDP to world GDP (1990–2011) ......................................... 63 Fig. 3.1 Organizational chart of the 18th central committee of CPC ............................................. 102 Fig. 4.1 World temperature changes during 1000–2100............... 133 Fig. 4.2 Incentive compatibility between objective of government and manufacturer ..................................... 145 Fig. 4.3 “Tunnelling effect” of green development .................. 159 Fig. 4.4 China green investment composition and proportion to GDP after 2001 .................................... 161 Fig. 4.5 Proportion of genuine saving rate and green saving rate to nominal saving rate (1978–2010) ................... 164 Fig. 4.6 Proportion of green investment to GDP (1978–2010).......... 165 Fig. 4.7 Proportion of social capital (human and knowledge investment) to GDP (1978–2010) .................................. 165 Fig. 5.1 Proportions of GDP in Germany, Japan and the Soviet Union to America (1928–2008) .......................... 172 vii List of Tables Table 2.1 GDP proportions and contribution rate to the world economic growth of five major powers (2000–2011) ........ 46 Table 2.2 Contribution of five great trading powers to world import and export growth (2000–2011) ........................ 47 Table 2.3 Proportion of scientific and technological strength in five greatest economies to the total world volume (1980–2020)....................................... 49 Table 2.4 Per capita target growth rate and growth ratio in China (1979–2020)....................................... 50 Table 2.5 Comparison of global 500 in four economies (1990–2012) .............................. 51 Table 2.6 Themes and objectives of reports to previous national congresses (1982–2012) ....................... 58 Table 2.7 Growth index of Russian economic indicator (1991–2011)....................................... 63 Table 2.8 Proportion of Southern and Northern Countries’ GDP (PPP) to world GDP (1820–2030) ......... 71 Table 2.9 HDI and chasing coefficient of China, America and India (1980–2020)........................ 95 Table 2.10 Proportion of population of different HDI groups to total population (1982–2020) .................. 95 Table 2.11 HDI groups and changes of all regions (1980–2020)....................................... 96 Table 3.1 Duty and labor division of members of standing committee of the political bureau in the 17th national congress ............................... 109 Table 3.2 Multi-candidate election of the two committees from the 16th to the 18th national congresses ............. 114 Table 3.3 Multi-candidate election of the two committees from the 16th to the 18th national congresses ............. 114 ix x List of Tables Table 3.4 Number and proportion of newly elected members of political bureau and standing committee since the 12th national congress ............................... 117 Table 3.5 Average age of political bureau and standing committee members since the 12th national congress .......................................... 117 Table 3.6 Education degree of political bureau members since the 12th national congress........................ 118 Table 3.7 Information of standing committee members of the political bureau of the 18th central committee (1) ................. 119 Table 3.8 Information of standing committee members of the political bureau of the 18th central committee (2) ................. 120 Table 3.9 Standing committee of the political bureau and members serving in provincial posts since the 15th central committee ................................... 121 Table 3.10 Information of standing committee members of the political bureau of the 18th central committee (3) ................. 122 Table 3.11 Proportion of the major indexes of china to the world (2000–2020)............................. 125 Table 4.1 Changes of total population, agricultural area and forest coverage rate in history of China ....................... 131 Table 4.2 Green specialized planning during “Twelfth Five-Year” Plan ............................................. 143 Table 4.3 China green investment composition and proportion