Assignment 1 Υπεύθυνοι βοηθοί: Ειρήνη Δέγκλερη ( [email protected] ) Ηλίας Παπαδόπουλος ( [email protected] ) System Calls ■ If a process is running a user program in user mode and needs a system service, such as reading data from a file, it has to execute a trap instruction to transfer control to the operating system. Application – USER SPACE System Call KERNEL SPACE System Calls A system call is a request for service that a program makes of the kernel. The service is generally something that only the kernel has the privilege to do, such as doing I/O. Fork() ■ Fork creates a new process (child process). – It creates an exact duplicate of the original process, including all the file descriptors, registers—everything. ■ The fork is called once, but returns twice! – After the fork, the original process and the copy (the parent and child) go their separate ways. – The fork call returns a value, which is zero in the child and equal to the child's process identifier or PID in the parent. ■ Now consider how fork is used by the shell. When a command is typed, the shell forks off a new process. This child process must execute the user command. Fork() – PID (Process IDentity) ■ pid < 0 → the creation of a child process was unsuccessful. ■ pid == 0 → the newly created child. ■ pid > 0 → the process ID of the child process passes to the parent. Consider a piece of program: #include <unistd.h> P1 fork() C1 pid_t pid = fork(); PID:28 PID:34 printf(“PID: %d\n”, pid); …. The parent will print: PID: 34 And the child will always print: PID: 0 Fork() #define TRUE 1 while (TRUE) { /* repeat forever */ type_prompt(); /* display prompt on the screen */ read_command(command, parameters); /* read input from terminal */ if (fork() != 0) { /* fork off child process */ /* Parent code. */ waitpid(-1, &status, 0); /* wait for child to exit */ } else { /* Child code. */ execve(command, parameters, 0); /* execute command */ } } Exec (binary_path) ■ The exec() call replaces/overwrites a current process’ image with a new one (i.e. loads a new program within current process). ■ The file descriptor table remains the same as that of original process. ■ Arguments passed via exec() appear in the argv[] of the main() function. ■ Upon success, exec() never returns to the caller. – It replaces the current process image, so it cannot return anything to the program that made the call. – If it does return, it means the call failed. exec(“/bin/ls”) : overwrites the memory code image with binary from /bin/ls and execute. P1 exec() P1 PID:28 PID:28 Old program New program Exec (binary_path) ■ There ’s not a syscall under the name exec(). ■ By exec() we usually refer to a family of calls: – int execl(char *path, char *arg, ...); – int execv(char *path, char *argv[]); – int execle(char *path, char *arg, ..., char *envp[]); – int execve(char *path, char *argv[], char *envp[]); – int execlp(char *file, char *arg, ...); – int execvp(char *file, char *argv[]); Where: l = argument list v = argument vector e = environmental vector p = search path Fork and exec ■ Often after doing fork() we want to load a new program into the child. E.g.: a shell parent wait resumes Fork () exec exit() child wait () ■ Forces the parent to suspend execution, i.e. wait for its children or a specific child to die (terminate). ■ When the child process dies, it returns an exit status to the operating system, which is then returned to the waiting parent process. The parent process then resumes execution. ■ A child process that dies but is never waited on by its parent becomes a zombie process. Such a process continues to exist as an entry in the system process table even though it is no longer an actively executing program. exit () ■ This call gracefully terminates process execution. Gracefully means it does clean up and release of resources, and puts the process into the zombie state. ■ By calling wait(), the parent cleans up all its zombie children. ■ When the child process dies, an exit status is returned to the operating system and a signal is sent to the parent process. The exit status can then be retrieved by the parent process via the wait system call. Fork, exec and wait while (1) { /* repeat forever */ type_prompt(); /* display prompt on the screen */ read_command(command, parameters); /* read input from terminal */ if (fork() != 0) { /* fork off child process */ /* Parent code. */ waitpid(-1, &status, 0); /* wait for child to exit */ } else { /* Child code. */ execve(command, parameters, 0); /* execute command */ } } States of a process In computing, a process is an instance of a computer program that is being executed. It contains the program code and its current activity. ■ Orphan process is a computer process whose parent process has finished or terminated, though it remains running itself. ■ Daemon process runs as a background process, rather than being under the direct control of an interactive user. ■ Zombie process, is a process that has completed execution but still has an entry in the process table. Pipes ■ Pipes provide a unidirectional interprocess communication channel. ■ “|” (pipe) operator between two commands directs the stdout of the first to the stdin of the second. Any of the commands may have options or arguments. ■ e.g of pipelines: – command1 | command2 paramater1 – ls -l | grep key void main(int argc, char *argv[]){ int pipefd[2]; pid_t cpid; char buf; if (pipe(pipefd) == -1) { perror("pipe"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } cpid = fork(); if (cpid == -1) { perror("fork"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } if (cpid == 0) { /* Child reads from pipe */ close(pipefd[1]); /* Close unused write end */ while (read(pipefd[0], &buf, 1) > 0) write(STDOUT_FILENO, &buf, 1); write(STDOUT_FILENO, "\n", 1); close(pipefd[0]); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } else { /* Parent writes argv[1] to pipe */ close(pipefd[0]); /* Close unused read end */ write(pipefd[1], argv[1], strlen(argv[1])); close(pipefd[1]); /* Reader will see EOF */ wait(NULL); /* Wait for child */ exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } } Redirection ■ Use dup2() – dup2(source_fd, destination_fd) ■ Standard Input “<“ – e.g. sort < file_list.txt ■ Standard Output “>“, “>>” – e.g. ls > file_list.txt – e.g. ls >> file_list.txt (append) ■ Use fopen() • “r” for input “<“ FILE *fp; • “w+” for output “>” fp = fopen ("file.txt", "w+“); • “a” for append output “>>” Assignment 1 A C shell (command interpreter) that reads user commands and executes them. – getlogin() (if dosen’t work try: struct passwd *pw = getpwuid(getuid()); printf("Username: %s\n", pw->pw_name); ) ■ Simple commands such as: – cd (see chdir()) – set var=”ls”, unset var and printlvars – exit – Also, ➢ ls, ls –l, ls -a -l, cat file.txt, sort -r -o output.txt file_to_sort.txt, ... Assignment 1 A C shell (command interpreter) that reads user commands and executes them. ■ Complex commands such as: – Redirection of input and output (see dup2()) ■ ls –l > output cat < input cat < input > output – Pipes (see pipe()) ■ ps axl | grep zombie ■ ps axl | grep zombie > output ■ ls | grep “.c” Assignment 1 1. Print prompt 2. Read command a. Parse command // look for “-, | , >, >>, <, &” if command == exit // terminate shell else if command == set or unset //insert to/delete from local variable table if command == unset // check if variable was previously set else if command = printlvars // print local var table else if command == cd // use chdir() 2.2 fork child parent if command has “|” // use pipe() if command has “&” // work in background if command has “>, >> , < ” // use dup2() else // wait exec(...) go back to Step 1 Useful links ■ Shell: http://linuxcommand.org/learning_the_shell.php ■ fork(): https://linux.die.net/man/2/fork ■ exec(): https://linux.die.net/man/3/exec ■ wait(): https://linux.die.net/man/2/wait ■ pipe(): https://linux.die.net/man/2/pipe ■ dup2(): https://linux.die.net/man/2/dup2 ■ fopen(): https://www.tutorialspoint.com/c_standard_library/c_function_fopen.htm ■ set, unset: http://sc.tamu.edu/help/general/unix/vars.html Reading material ■ Κλήσεις συστήματος (Κεφ. 1.6) ■ Διεργασίες (Κεφ. 2.1) .