Soldiering in the Canadian Forces: How and Why Gender Counts! Lynne Gouliquer Department of Sociology McGill University, Montreal 2011 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Lynne Gouliquer, 2011 Table of Contents List of Tables ........................................................................................................ iv Abstract.................................................................................................................. v Sommaire ............................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. ix Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................... 1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 1 Historical Synopsis...............................................................................................................................5 Thesis Overview................................................................................................................................. 14 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................. 15 Theorizing Gender and Organisations.............................................................. 15 Analysing Gender Inequalities at Work—“The Why”........................................................ 19 Human Capital Factors............................................................................................................. 21 Educational Factors................................................................................................................... 21 Employment Experience Factors......................................................................................... 23 Structural Factors....................................................................................................................... 25 Family Factors ............................................................................................................................. 28 Analysing Gender Inequalities at Work—“The How”........................................................ 29 Gender Stereotypes and Domesticity ................................................................................ 30 Hegemonic Masculinity/Concomitant Femininity....................................................... 34 Hegemonic Masculinity of Soldiering................................................................................ 39 Intersecting Marginalities.............................................................................................................. 42 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 44 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................. 48 Method ................................................................................................................. 48 Epistemology Underpinning the Study .................................................................................... 48 My Insider/Outsider Status........................................................................................................... 51 Quantitative Method......................................................................................................................... 54 Description of Quantitative Data ......................................................................................... 54 Description of Variables .......................................................................................................... 55 Dependent Variable......................................................................................................................... 55 Human Capital Variables............................................................................................................... 56 Family Obligations Variables....................................................................................................... 60 Military Career-Enhancing Variables. ..................................................................................... 61 Military Structural Divisions. ...................................................................................................... 62 Military Status.................................................................................................................................... 63 Summary.............................................................................................................................................. 63 Analytic Design for Quantitative Data............................................................................... 65 Summary of Quantitative Hypotheses............................................................................... 66 Qualitative Method............................................................................................................................ 68 Analytic Design for the Qualitative Data .......................................................................... 72 Preserving Participant Confidentiality ............................................................................. 73 Qualitative Sample Data Description................................................................................. 75 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 79 Chapter 4 ............................................................................................................. 81 Gender And Earnings: A Quantitative Exploration........................................ 81 Data Conditioning.............................................................................................................................. 81 i Pay Determination in the Canadian Military ......................................................................... 85 Officers Corps Pay Scale .......................................................................................................... 85 Non-Commissioned Member Corps Pay Scale............................................................... 87 Allowances .................................................................................................................................... 88 Officer Corps ........................................................................................................................................ 91 Description.................................................................................................................................... 91 Regression Analyses.................................................................................................................. 96 Model 1. ..............................................................................................................................................100 Model 2. ..............................................................................................................................................100 Model 3. ..............................................................................................................................................102 Model 4. ..............................................................................................................................................102 Model 5. ..............................................................................................................................................105 Model 6. ..............................................................................................................................................106 Summary......................................................................................................................................110 Non-Commissioned Member Corps.........................................................................................110 Description..................................................................................................................................110 Regression Analyses................................................................................................................115 Model 1. ..............................................................................................................................................119 Model 2. ..............................................................................................................................................119 Model 3. ..............................................................................................................................................121 Model 4. ..............................................................................................................................................122 Model 5. ..............................................................................................................................................124 Model 6. ..............................................................................................................................................126 Summary......................................................................................................................................130