THE DYNAMICS OF A HYDROSOCIAL RELATIONSHIP. A CASE STUDY OF THE PINETOWN/NEW GERMANY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX AND THE PALMIET RIVER. NOLWAZI NTINI NOVEMBER 2018 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Development Studies, in the School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. 1 DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation is my own unaided work. All citations, references and borrowed ideas have been duly acknowledged. It is being submitted for the degree of Master of Development Studies in the Faculty of Humanities, School of Built Environment and Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. None of the present work has been submitted previously for any degree or examination in any other University. Student ………………………………………………. Nolwazi Ntini Date……………………………… Supervisor ………………………………………………. Dr Catherine Sutherland Date……………………………… Durban, South Africa, November 2018 2 ABSTRACT This study sought to explore the relationship between Industry located in the Pinetown/ New Germany Industrial complex and the Palmiet River. The objective of the study was to explore industry attitudes and perceptions towards water by studying the relationship between businesses located in the New Germany Industrial Complex and the Palmiet River, as well as external actors, processes and practices that regulate and govern this relationship. The hydrosocial cycle was used as the theoretical framework to guide this study as it better provided a space for a critical analysis of water and society; centring water to better understand the production of social power (Wittfogel 1957; Swyngedouw 1999; Linton 2010, Linton and Budds, 2013). Qualitative research methods such as in-depth interviews were utilized to gain insight from various stakeholders mainly; industry, the municipality and civil society. This study revealed the intricate and structural internal connections between water and society. Which challenged the notion of a one-dimensional didactic relationship, rather it highlights how these two entities shape and remake each other continuously. Through this internal connection, they embody influences from various external actors, processes and practices, which change the context as well as the nature of this relationship. In its location at an industrial complex, the Palmiet River has enhanced, altered and fostered new relationships amongst and between stakeholders, with ecological infrastructure and climate change playing a significant role in connecting and facilitating these relationships. Broadly, the findings of the study found that the river can be understood as an integrator; it blurs the line between the formal and informal. It enmeshes the formal public spaces with the informal invisible spaces. True to the cyclical nature of water it connects the dominant socio-economic challenges back to the municipality and the state. 3 DEDICATION Dolly, E. Ntini I love you, mommy. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been possible without the help and generosity of Dr Catherine Sutherland, thank you for the many opportunities you provided and the SANCOOP/ CLIMAWAYS research funding. I also want to thank Ms. Vicky Sim who was instrumental in the beginning stages of the study. Thank you, Dr Andrew Gibbs, who has offered support and guidance. My gratitude also goes to my family and friends. Thank you all for you the unwavering love and support, you make me brave. I want to thank the Sibiya family; Sindisiwe, Thandokwakhe, Sbusisiwe, Khazimula, Nhlalenhle, Thingo. The Nzabe family: Nomathamsanqa, Dumsani, Nondumiso and Noluthando. I also want to thank Nomfundo Bhengu and Londa Shange. To my wonderful friends; Nomfundo Chili, Laura Washington. Thulisile Njilo, Nomonde Nyawose, Nompumelelo Mchunu, Onella Khanyile, Sphindile “Popo” Khuboni, Thembalethu Shangase, Thandeka Msebenzi, Linda Hlengwa. You started as friends but became family, thank you for the love, laughter and amazing companionship. Finally, I would like to thank all the respondents who participated in the study- this dissertation would not have been possible without you. Philippians 4: 13 5 Table of Contents Declaration .............................................................................................................................................. 2 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 5 Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 6 List of Figures and Tables ....................................................................................................................... 9 Acronyms .............................................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Background and Rationale for the Study ....................................................................................... 11 1.2 Problem Statement ......................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Significance of Study .................................................................................................................... 14 1.4. Objectives of the Study .......................................................................................................... 14 1.5 Thesis structure ............................................................................................................................... 15 1.6 Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Background and Rationale for the Study ....................................................................................... 11 1.2 Problem Statement ......................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Significance of Study .................................................................................................................... 14 1.4. Objectives of the Study .......................................................................................................... 14 1.5 Thesis structure ............................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter One Introduction .................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter Two Literature Review 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Characteristics of Water ................................................................................................................. 18 2.3 Water Shapes Society .................................................................................................................. 20 2.4. Rivers .................................................................................................................................... 21 2.5 The Hydrologic Cycles ................................................................................................................... 22 2.6. Criticisms of the Hydrologic Cycle .............................................................................................. 23 2.7. Shifting the paradigm: towards a hydrosocial cycle ...................................................................... 27 2.8. The Hydrosocial Cycle ................................................................................................................. 28 2.8.1. Relational-Dialectics and Water ................................................................................................. 29 2.8.2. Hybridity .................................................................................................................................... 30 2.9. Hydrosocial Cycle Waterscapes ..................................................................................................... 31 2.10. Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 32 6 Chapter Three Background to Study Area 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 33 3.2 Durban and eThekwini Municipality ............................................................................................. 33 3.3 Modernist Plans: A Brief History of Durban ................................................................................. 34 3.4 Pinetown/ New Germany and The Palmiet Catchment ...................................................... 35 3.5 Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 38 Chapter Four Methodology 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 39 4.2 Methods .........................................................................................................................................