A Primer on Stroke Prevention Treatment: An Overview Based on AHA/ASA Guidelines A Primer on Stroke Prevention Treatment: An Overview Based on AHA/ASA Guidelines, 1st Edition. Edited by Larry B. Goldstein © 2009 American Heart Association. ISBN: 978-1-405-18651-3 A Primer on Stroke Prevention Treatment: An Overview Based on AHA/ASA Guidelines Edited by Larry B. Goldstein Professor of Medicine Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina USA A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition fi rst published 2009, © 2009 American Heart Association American Heart Association National Center, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231, USA For further information on the American Heart Association: www.americanheart.org Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. 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No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A primer on stroke prevention and treatment : an overview based on AHA/ASA guidelines / edited by Larry B. Goldstein. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4051-8651-3 1. Cerebrovascular disease. I. Goldstein, Larry B. II. American Heart Association. III. American Stroke Association. [DNLM: 1. Stroke–prevention & control–Practice Guideline. 2. Stroke–therapy–Practice Guideline. WL 355 P9537 2009] RC388.5.P6785 2009 616.8′105–dc22 2008051435 ISBN: 9781405186513 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 9.25 on 12 Minion by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed & bound in Singapore by Fabulous Printers Pte Ltd 1 2009 Contents Contributors vii Preface xi Classifi cation of Recommendations and Level of Evidence Table xiii Part I Overview Topics 1 1 Stroke Epidemiology 3 George Howard and Virginia J. Howard 2 Stroke Systems 11 Soojin Park and Lee H. Schwamm 3 Primordial and Primary Prevention of Stroke 23 Nikolaos I.H. Papamitsakis and Robert J. Adams 4 Treatment of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke 35 Harold P. Adams, Jr. 5 Intracerebral Hemorrhage 53 Opeolu Adeoye and Joseph P. Broderick 6 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 65 Jonathan L. Brisman and Marc R. Mayberg 7 Prevention of Recurrent Ischemic Stroke 85 Jose G. Romano and Ralph L. Sacco 8 Post-Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery 100 Pamela Woods Duncan, Danielle Blankenship, and Nicol Korner-Bitensky Part II Special Topics 113 9 Stroke in Women 115 Cheryl D. Bushnell 10 Stroke in Black Patients 129 Fernando D. Testai and Philip B. Gorelick 11 Stroke in Children 142 Gabrielle A. deVeber v Contents 12 Coagulopathy and Stroke 152 Mark Chan, Richard C. Becker, Svati H. Shah, and Steven R. Levine 13 Genetics of Stroke 170 Natalia Rost and Jonathan Rosand 14 Surgical and Interventional Treatment for Carotid Disease 186 Kumar Rajamani and Seemant Chaturverdi 15 Intracranial Atherosclerosis 195 Farhan Siddiq, Burhan Z. Chaudhry, and Adnan I. Qureshi 16 Patent Foramen Ovale 206 Marco R. Di Tullio and Shunichi Homma 17 Vascular Cognitive Impairment 219 José G. Merino and Vladimir Hachinski 18 Stroke Outcome Assessments 233 Linda Williams Other Statements Published in 2008 245 Index 247 COI Table 261 A companion website: www.wiley.com/go/strokeguidelines, will keep you informed of new and updated guidelines. vi Contributors Harold P. Adams, Jr., MD Jonathan L. Brisman, MD Director of the Division of Cerebrovascular Director, Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Diseases Neurosurgery Department of Neurology Winthrop University Hospital Carver College of Medicine Long Island, NY, USA University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA Cheryl D. Bushnell, MD, MHS Associate Professor, Department of Neurology Robert J. Adams, MS, MD Wake Forest University Health Sciences Stroke Center Medical Center Boulevard Medical University of South Carolina Winston-Salem, NC, USA Charleston, SC, USA Joseph P. Broderick, MD Opeolu Adeoye, MD Professor and Chair Assistant Professor Department of Neurology Departments of Emergency Medicine and UC Neuroscience Institute Neurosurgery University of Cincinnati University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA Cincinnati, OH, USA Mark Chan, MD Richard C. Becker, MD Research Fellow Professor of Medicine Duke Clinical Research Institute Divisions of Cardiology and Hematology Durham, NC, USA Duke University School of Medicine Duke Clinical Research Institute Seemant Chaturvedi, MD, FAHA, FAAN Durham, NC, USA Professor of Neurology Stroke Program and Department of Neurology Danielle Blankenship Wayne State University Doctor of Physical Therapy Division Detroit, MI, USA Department of Community and Family Medicine Duke University Burhan Z. Chaudhry, MD Durham, NC, USA Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Research Center Department of Neurology University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA vii Contributors Gabrielle A. deVeber, MD Virginia J. Howard, PhD Director, Children’s Stroke Program Research Assistant Professor Division of Neurology Department of Epidemiology Hospital for Sick Children School of Public Health Toronto, Ontario, Canada University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA Pamela Woods Duncan PhD, PT, FAPTA, FAHA Professor and Bette Busch Maniscalco Research Nicol Korner-Bitensky, PhD, OT Fellow McGill University Doctor of Physical Therapy Division Faculty of Medicine, School of Physical and Department of Community and Family Medicine Occupational Therapy Duke University Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en Senior Fellow réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain Duke Center for Clinical Health Policy Research Canadian Durham, NC, USA Stroke Network (Theme – Rehabilitation) CanDRIVE – Keeping Safe Older Drivers Driving Philip B. Gorelick, MD, MPH Montreal, QC, Canada John S. Garvin Professor and Head Director, Center for Stroke Research Steven R. Levine, MD Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Professor of Neurology Section of Cerebrovascular Disease and Director, Cerebrovascular Education Program Neurological Critical Care Stroke Center University of Illinois College of Medicine at The Mount Sinai School of Medicine Chicago New York, NY, USA Chicago,