A Civil Society e Public Space of Freemason Women in France, – • James Smith Allen © by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska All rights reserved ISBN (hardcover) ISBN (epub) ISBN (pdf) Cover image: Jacques France [Paul Lecreux], Marianne Maçonnique (), bronze bust, Musée de la Franc-Maçonnerie, Paris, Collection du Grand Orient de France, photo P. M. is book is published as part of the Sustainable History Monograph Pilot. With the generous support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Pilot uses cutting-edge publishing technology to produce open access digital editions of high-quality, peer-reviewed monographs from leading university presses. Free digital editions can be downloaded from: Books at JSTOR, EBSCO, Hathi Trust, Internet Archive, OAPEN, Project MUSE, and many other open repositories. While the digital edition is free to download, read, and share, the book is under copyright and covered by the following Creative Commons License: BY-NC-ND. Please consult www.creativecommons.org if you have questions about your rights to reuse the material in this book. When you cite the book, please include the following URL for its Digital Object Identier (DOI): https://doi.org/ . / We are eager to learn more about how you discovered this title and how you are using it. We hope you will spend a few minutes answering a couple of questions at this url: https://www.longleafservices.org/shmp-survey/ More information about the Sustainable History Monograph Pilot can be found at https://www.longleafservices.org. À Anne encore et toujours Sainz alexis est el ciel senz dutance ensembl’ot deu e la compaignie as angeles • od la pulcela dunt il se st si estranges • or l’at od sei ansemble sunt lur anames • ne vus sai dirre cum lur ledece est grande. —Saint Alban’s Psalter, c. AD • List of Figures and Table xi List of Illustrations xiii List of Abbreviations / Acronyms xv List of French Masonic Orders / Obediences / Rites xvii Preface xix FRENCH WOMEN IN PUBLIC SPACE Freemasonry Writ Large How Else Civil Society—and Freemason Women—Matter ­ MASONRY’S GENDERED VARIATIONS BEFORE AND AFTER e Eighteenth Century’s Mixed Orders and Adoption Lodges Freemason Women’s Social Networks in the Old Regime Revolution: e Communities of Freemason Women Transposed ­ THE CRAFT’S LONG MARCH TO MIXED ORDERS, Variations on Mixed Orders and Adoption Lodges Freemason Women’s Expanding Social Networks in the Nineteenth Century Revolution(s): e Successive Redenitions of Women’s Masonic Communities ­ WOMEN’S MASONRY AND THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT FROM THE FIN DE SIÈCLE TO Renewed Mixed Orders and Adoption Lodges, at Home and Abroad Freemason Women’s Feminist (and Labor) Networks e Communities of Freemason Women across Two World Wars ­ CONTESTING IMAGINARIES OF FREEMASON WOMEN Serana, Comtesse de Cagliostro Pamina and Balkis Consuelo, Comtesse de Rudolstadt Diana Vaughan and Others CIVIC MORALITY IN MODERN FRANCE emes A Social Conscience APPENDICES . Glossary of Masonic Terms . Mixed and Adoption Lodges in France (c. – ): Table . Madame Helvétius’s Masonic Network (– ) . Genealogy of the Saint-Simonian Family: Figure . George Sand’s Masonic Network ( – ) . Le Droit Humain in the World ( ) . Louise Michel’s Masonic Network ( – ) Notes Bibliography . Estimated Number of Mixed and/or Adoption Lodges and Women Initiated into French Masonry ( – ) . Mixed and Adoption Lodges in France (c. – ): Map . Feminist Networks of Freemason Lodges in Paris (c. ) . Leadership of Associations in Fédération Française des Sociétés Féministes ( ) xi . Initiation d’adoption (c. ) . Jacques-Louis David, Portrait de Marie Antoinette, Reine de France, conduite au supplice () . Fête d’adoption de la loge, Belle et Bonne, soirée () . Les Illustrations Féminines de la Poèsie Maçonnique () . Les Soeurs Maçonnes Indépendantes ( ) . Louis-Ernest Barrias, Maria Deraismes (, recast ), bronze statue . Tony Johannot and Maurice Sand, Au fond de cette pièce dont l’aspect . () . Asmodée brandissait de la main droite un sabre . ( ) . Jacques France [Paul Lecreux], Marianne Maçonnique (), bronze bust xiii / abrv. abbreviation ADCO Archives Départementales de la Côte-d’Or (Departmental Archives of the Côte d’Or) ADRML Archives du Département du Rhône et de la Métropole de Lyon (Archives of theDepartment of the Rhone and the Metropole of Lyon) a.k.a. also known as AMB Archives Municipales de Beaune (Municipal Archives of Beaune) ANF Archives Nationales de France, Paris (National Archives of France) ANFP/S Archives Nationales de France, Pierrette-sur-Seine (National Archives of France) APP Archives de la Préfecture de la Police, Paris (Archives of the Prefecture of Police) app. appendix art. article AVES Archives de la Ville et de l’Eurométropole de Strasbourg (Archives of the City and the Eurometropolis of Strasbourg) BAGLF Bibliothèque et Archives de la Grande Loge de France (Library and Archives of the Grand Lodge of France) BC Bibliothèque Calvet, Avignon (Calvet Library) BCF Bibliothèque-Musée de la Comédie Française (Library-Museum of the Comédie Française) BGOF Bibliothèque du Grand Orient de France (Library of the Grand Orient of France) BHVP Bibliothèque Historique de la Ville de Paris (Historical Library of the City of Paris) BIF Bibliothèque de l’Institut de France (Library of the Institute of France) BLUL Brotherton Library, University of Leeds BMD Bibliothèque Marguerite Durand (Marguerite Durand Library) BMDijon Bibliothèque Municipale de Dijon (Municipal Library of Dijon) BML Bibliothèque Municipale de Lyon (Municipal Library of Lyon) xv xvi Abbreviations / Acronyms BMN Bibliothèque Municipale de Nancy (Municipal Library of Nancy) BNF Bibliothèque Nationale de France (National Library of France) CAF Centre des Archives du Féminisme, Angers (Center for the Archives of Feminism) CEDIAS Bibliothèque du Musée Social, Paris (Social Museum Library) CNFF Conseil National des Femmes Françaises (National Council of French Women) DH Droit Humain (Ordre Maçonnique Mixte International), Fédération Française (Human Duty: International Mixed Masonic Order, French Federation) FFSF Fédération Française des Sociétés Féministes (French Federation of Feminist Societies) FM Fonds Maçonnique (Masonic Collection) g. gure Fr. French GAOTU Grand Architect of the Universe GLDF Grande Loge de France (Grand Lodge of France) GLFF Grande Loge Féminine de France (Grand Feminine Lodge of France) GLMSF Grande Loge Mixte Symbolique de France (Grand Mixed Symbolic Lodge of France) GLSE Grande Loge Symbolique Écossaise (Grand Scottish Symbolic Lodge) GODF Grand Orient de France (Grand Orient of France) ill. illustration LDH Ligue des Droits de l’Homme (League for the Rights of Man) MHL Musée d’Histoire de Lyon (Historical Museum of Lyon) M&M Mixte et Maintenue (Mixed and Continuous) OMMI Ordre Maçonnique Mixte International (International Mixed Masonic Order) pl. plural REAA Rite Écossais Ancien et Accepté (Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite) SCF Suprême Conseil de France (Supreme Council of France) SNA social network analysis UFF Union Fraternelle des Femmes (Women’s Fraternal Union) UFSF Union Française pour le Surage des Femmes (French Union for Women’s Surage) UGLE United Grand Lodge of England / / (Principal masonic governing bodies in chronological order of founding, –) . *Grande Loge / Grande Loge de France / de Clermont (–) Grand Lodge / Grand Lodge of France / of Clermont . *Grand Orient de France (since ) Grand Orient of France . Suprême Conseil de France, Rite Écossais Ancien et Accepté ( –, since ) Supreme Council of France, Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite . Grande Loge Symbolique Écossaise de France ( –) Grand Scottish Symbolic Lodge of France . *Grande Loge du Rite Ancien et Primitif de Memphis-Misraïm (since ) Grand Lodge of the Ancient and Primitive Memphis-Misraïm Rite . *Ordre Mixte Français et International: Droit Humain (since ) Mixed French and International Order: Human Duty . *Grande Loge de France (since ) Grand Lodge of France . Grande Loge Nationale Indépendante et Régulière / Grande Loge Nationale Française (since ) Grand National Independent and Regular Lodge / French Grand National Lodge . *Union Maçonnique Féminine de France / Grande Loge Féminine de France (since ) Feminine Masonic Union of France / Grand Feminine Lodge of France xvii xviii French Masonic Orders / Obediences / Rites . *Ordre des Chevaliers Maçons Élus Coëns de l’Univers ( –) Order of the Masonic Knights, Chosen Priests of the Universe . *Stricte Observance / Templière ( – , – ) Strict Observance / Templar . *Rite Écossais Philosophique (–/) Philosophical Scottish Rite . *Illuminés d’Avignon (in France, –) Illuminati of Avignon . Rite Écossais Rectié ( –) Rectied Scottish Rite . *Haute Maçonnerie Égyptienne (in Paris, ) High Egyptian Masonry . *Rite de Misraïm ( – / ) Misraïm Rite . Rite de Memphis (– ) Memphis Rite . *Temple des Familles ( –) Temple for Families . *Ordre Martiniste (since /) Martinist Order . Grande Loge Symbolique Écossaise II (–) / *Grande Loge Symbolique Écossaise II Mixte et Maintenue ( –) Grand Scottish Symbolic Rite Lodge II / Mixed and Continuous *e asterisk indicates that for a period, at least, the order, obedience, or rite recognized the initiation of women in either lodges of adoption, mixed lodges, and/or feminine lodges under their jurisdiction. ­ , George Floyd was murdered in Minneapolis. With the impassivity of tying his shoelace, a police ocer kneeled on Floyd’s neck, suocating