COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS IN PERTURBED ENVIRONMENT by Ndeye Bineta SARR THESIS PRESENTED TO ÉCOLE DE TECHNOLOGIE SUPÉRIEURE AND UNIVERSITY OF POITIERS (CO-TUTORSHIP) IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Ph.D. MONTREAL, MARCH, 25, 2019 ÉCOLE DE TECHNOLOGIE SUPÉRIEURE UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC Ndéye Bineta Sarr, 2019 This Creative Commons license allows readers to download this work and share it with others as long as the author is credited. The content of this work may not be modified in any way or used commercially. Université de Poitiers Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées (Diplôme National - Arrêté du 25 mai 2016) École doctorale ED no 610 : Sciences et Ingénierie des Systèmes, Mathématiques, Informatique Co-tutelle avec l’École de Technologie Supérieure de Montréal (ETS), Canada THÈSE Pour l’obtention du Grade de Docteur délivré par l’Université de Poitiers et Ph. D. de l’École de Technologie Supérieure de Montréal (ETS) Secteur de Recherche : Électronique, microélectronique, nanoélectronique et micro-ondes Présentée et soutenue par Ndéye Bineta SARR 31 Janvier 2019 PROTOCOLES DE COMMUNICATIONS POUR RESEAUX DE CAPTEURS EN MILIEU FORTEMENT PERTURBÉ COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS IN PERTURBED ENVIRONMENT Directeurs de Thèse : Rodolphe Vauzelle, François Gagnon Co-directeurs de Thèse : Hervé Boeglen, Basile L. Agba Jury Basile L. AGBA, Chercheur, Institut de Recherche d’Hydro-Québec…..…………………Examinateur Hervé BOEGLEN, Maître de Conférences, Université de Poitiers ……………..................Examinateur Jean-François DIOURIS, Professeur, École Polytechnique de l’Université de Nantes……...Rapporteur Ghais EL ZEIN, Professeur, INSA de Rennes……………………………………………….Rapporteur François GAGNON, Professeur, École de Technologie Supérieure de Montréal….............Examinateur Georges KADDOUM, Professeur, École de Technologie Supérieure de Montréal...……....Examnateur Kosai RAOOF, Professeur, Université Le Mans…………………………………………...Examinateur Rodolphe VAUZELLE, Professeur, Université de Poitiers………………………………...Examinateur To my husband and my parents. Acknowledgments First and foremost, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to all my supervisors for their availability, their wise advice, and the constant support they have shown during these four years of the thesis. In this sense, my first thanks to Pr. Rodolphe Vauzelle and Dr. Basile L. Agba for the implementation of the thesis, and for their great availability, their help, advice for writing and enriching discussions both from a scientific point of view than human. I would also like to thank Pr. Fran¸cois Gagnon for agreeing to co-supervise this thesis. His advice, ongoing support, and enriching discussions allowed me to reach my goals. My thanks also go to Herve Boeglen who joined us during the thesis and showed his real support both at the scientific level and in terms of writing. I also thank a mother mine, Ms. Anne-Marie Poussard ); I thank Labex Σ − Lim, the research institute of Hydro-Quebec (IREQ), the Richard J. Marceau Research Chair, and MITACS for funding this thesis. My warm thanks also go to the members of the jury: Georges Kaddoum, Jean-Fran¸cois Diouris, Ghais El Zein, Kosai Raoof. It is a great honor for me to have accepted to evaluate my thesis project. It would be difficult to name all the people who contributed to the success of this thesis. Thanks to my colleagues at the XLIM laboratory: Taha, Albekaye, Samir, Lidia, Romain. I had an uneven experience in Canada thanks to the wonderful people I met at the Ecole de Technologie Superieure: Minh, Fabien, Omar, Koffi, Marwan. Thank you. I thank also James Oyedapo for his help and his contribution to the realization of my last thesis chapter. I also have an excellent memory of my visit to IREQ, and I particularly want to thank Stephane Gingras for his availability and his help during the experiments. I wish to thank my family and friends (Diouwel, Amina, Fatou) for their presence and their unconditional support during this thesis. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to all members of the XLIM laboratory in Poitiers and the LACIME members of the Ecole de Technologie Superieure of Montreal. R´esum´e Cette th`ese s’inscrit dans le domaine des r´eseaux intelligents (RI). Les RIs am´eliorent la s´ecurit´edesr´eseaux ´electriques et permettent une utilisation adapt´ee de l’´energie disponible de mani`ere limit´ee. Ils augmentent ´egalement l’efficacit´e´energ´etique globale en r´eduisant la consommation. L’utilisation de cette technologie est la solution la plus appropri´ee car elle permet une gestion plus efficace de l’´energie. Dans ce contexte, des compagnies comme Hydro-Qu´ebec d´eploient des r´eseaux de capteurs pour contrˆoler les principaux ´equipements. Pour r´eduire les coˆutsded´eploiement et la complexit´educˆablage, un r´eseau de capteurs semble ˆetre une solution optimale. Cependant, son d´eploiement n´ecessite une connaissance approfondie de l’environnement. Les postes `a haute tension sont des points strat´egiques du r´eseau ´electrique et g´en`erent un bruit impulsif qui d´egrade les performances des com- munications sans fil. Les travaux dans cette th`ese sont centr´es sur le d´eveloppement de protocoles de communication performants dans ces milieux fortement perturb´es. Nous avons propos´e une premi`ere approche bas´ee sur la concat´enationducode`am´etrique de rang et le code convolutif avec la modulation OFDM. C’est une technique tr`es efficace pour r´eduire l’effet du bruit impulsif tout en ayant un niveau de complexit´e assez faible. Une autre solution bas´ee sur un syst`eme multi-antennaire est d´evelopp´ee. Nous avons aussi propos´eunsyst`eme MIMO coop´eratif cod´e en boucle ferm´ee bas´ee sur le codeam´ ` etrique de rang et le pr´ecodeur max −dmin.Ladeuxi`eme technique est ´egalement une solution optimale pour am´eliorer la fiabilit´edusyst`eme et r´eduire la consommation ´energ´etique dans les r´eseaux de capteurs. Mots cl´es: R´eaux intelligents, R´eseaux de capteurs, Postes `a Hautes Tensions, Bruit Impulsif, Codage `am´etrique de rang, OFDM, MIMO `a boucle ferm´ee. Abstract This thesis is mainly in the Smart Grid (SG) domain. SGs improve the safety of electrical networks and allow a more adapted use of electricity storage, available in a limited way. SGs also increase overall energy efficiency by reducing peak consumption. The use of this technology is the most appropriate solution because it allows more efficient energy man- agement. In this context, manufacturers such as Hydro-Quebec deploy sensor networks in the nerve centers to control major equipment. To reduce deployment costs and cabling complexity, the option of a wireless sensor network seems the most obvious solution. How- ever, deploying a sensor network requires in-depth knowledge of the environment. High voltages substations are strategic points in the power grid and generate impulse noise that can degrade the performance of wireless communications. The works in this thesis are focused on the development of high performance communication protocols for the pro- foundly disturbed environments. For this purpose, we have proposed an approach based on the concatenation of rank metric and convolutional coding with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. This technique is very efficient in reducing the bursty nature of impulsive noise while having a quite low level of complexity. Another solution based on a multi-antenna system is also designed. We have proposed a cooperative closed-loop coded MIMO system based on rank metric code and max −dmin precoder. The second technique is also an optimal solution for both improving the reliability of the system and energy saving in wireless sensor networks. Keywords: Smart Grids, WSN, High Voltage, Impulsive Noise, Rank Metric coding, OFDM, Closed-loop MIMO. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1Motivation.................................... 2 1.2ThesisOrganization............................... 4 1.3 Contributions .................................. 5 2 Smart Grid (SG) and Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) 9 2.1Introduction................................... 11 2.2TheSmartGrid................................. 11 2.2.1 SmartGridConceptandCharacteristics............... 11 2.2.2 Description of the NIST Conceptual Model .............. 13 2.2.2.1 TheBulkGenerationDomain................ 13 2.2.2.2 TheTransmissionDomain.................. 13 2.2.2.3 The Distribution Domain .................. 14 2.2.3 Conclusion................................ 14 2.3WirelessSensorNetworks........................... 15 2.3.1 Description ............................... 15 2.3.2 Characteristics............................. 16 2.3.3 Design of WSN: Influencing Parameters ................ 17 2.3.4 Conclusion................................ 18 2.4 The Principle of Transmission System ..................... 18 2.4.1 TheTransmitter............................ 18 2.4.2 TheChannel.............................. 19 2.4.3 TheReceiver.............................. 19 2.5WirelessPropagationChannel......................... 19 2.5.1 PhysicalPhenomena.......................... 20 2.5.2 Coherencevs.Selectivity........................ 22 2.5.3 Diversity Techniques .......................... 22 2.5.4 Wireless Channel Modeling . ..................... 23 2.5.4.1 Statistical Modeling ..................... 23 2.5.4.2 Deterministic Modeling ................... 24 viii Contents 2.6Conclusion.................................... 26 3 Wireless technologies and High Voltage substations 27 3.1Introduction..................................