Report No. 2821a-SO Somalia AgrculturalSector Review FILE PY (In Three Volumes) Public Disclosure Authorized Volume II:Annexes 1-3 June29, 1981 EasternAfrica RegionalOffice Northern Agriculture Division FOR OFFICIAL USEONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank This documenthas a restricteddistribution and may be used by recipients only in the performanceof their official duties.Its contentsmay not otherwise be disclosedwithout World Bankauthorization. CURRENCYEQUIVALENTS Currency Unit = Somali Shilling (So.Sh.) US$0.1589 = So.Sh. 1.00 US$1.00 = So.Sh. 6.295 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 1 hectare (ha) 2 10,000 m 1 square kilometer (km ) = 100 ha 1 metric ton (ton) = 1,000 kg ABBREVIATIONS ADC - Agricultural Development Corporation ENC - National Trading Company FYDP - Five Year Development Program GDP - Gross Domestic Product LDA - Livestock Development Agency MLFR - Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range MOA - Ministry of Agriculture MNP - Ministry of National Planning NBB - National Banana Board NES - National Extension Service NRA - National Range Agency ONAT - Farm Machinery and Agricultural Services Organization SPC - State Planning Commission TYDP - Three Year Development Program FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY - 1 - ANNEX I SOMALIA AGRICUTURAL SECTOR REVIEW The Livestock and Wildlife Subsector Table of Contents Page No. I. RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION SYSTEMS ....................... 1 A. General . .................... * ........... I B. Production Systems and Herd Productivity .......... 1 C. Wildlife .......................................................11 II. SERVICES TO THE SUBSECTOR .............................. 12 A. Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range (MLFR) ... 12 B. Other Government Services .......................... 17 III. MARKETING, PROCESSING AND INPUT SUPPLY ................. 18 A. Livestock Marketing .............. ....... 18 B. Hides and Skins ................................... 19 C. Tanneries .. ..................................... 22 D. Meat Processing .............. 23 E. Dairy ...........................o................... 24 F. Feeds ..............................................O 25 IV. TRAINING ................................................ 28 V. CURRENT DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS . ...........................29 VI. MAJOR ISSUES . ...................... .. .* ..... 33 VII. PROPOSALS FOR DEVELOPMENT ........ ...................... 36 A. Objectives and Time Frame ...... ................... 36 B. Specific Recommendations .................. 37 C. Conclusion ......... ....* .. ........................ 40 APPENDIX 1 Proposals for Specific Development Projects 1. Livestock Services Project 2. Second Northern Rangelands Development Project 3. Wildlife Utilization Project 4. Agricultural Research Project This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. - 2 - ANNEX 1 Page 1 SOMALIA AGRICULTURAL SECTOR REVIEW The Livestock and Wildlife Subsector I. RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION SYSTEMS A. General 1.01 Livestock is the mainstay of Somalia's economy. Some 2.5 million people (about 60% of the population) are nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists while a further 0.8 million (20% of the population) are crop farmers who keep livestock. Livestock not only contributes to the subsistence of these 80% of the population, it also provides the remaining 20% who are urban consumers with animal protein in the form of meat, milk and eggs. Livestock accounts for about three quarters of national exports and the trend is rising. Further- more, it provides agro-industrial raw materials such as hides and skins for the tanning industry and blood and bones for the production of animal feeds. Livestock are used for transportation by the nomads, and by crop farmers for draft and manure. 1.02 According to a Government census the national herd in 1975 con- sisted of 5.4 million camels, 3.9 million cattle, 9.5 million sheep, and 15.0 million goats (Table 1). This is a sizeable increase over earlier estimates (Table 2). These 34 million domestic animals (11 million animal units 1/) share the grazing resource of some 36 million ha (or 57% of Somalia's surface area) with an unknown but abundant wildlife population, which at present contributes little to the economy. B. Production Systems and Herd Productivity Traditional Systems 1.03 There are three traditional livestock production systems in Somalia: (a) nomadic pastoralism, (b) livestock production by settled farmers, and (c) specialized livestock production by urban dwellers. In addition, the Government has launched specialized livestock enterprises in the form of ranches, specialized dairy farms, cattle feedlots and poultry farms. 1/ According to FAO norms, cattle 0.8; camels 1.0; sheep and goats 0.1. - 3 - ANNEX I Page 2 1.04 Nomadic Pastoralism. About 60% of the Somali people practice nomadic pastoralism adapted to the arid and unreliable climate (para 1.01). The harsh environment and the system of communal grazing make wide movement across the rangelands necessary for survival. The major determinants of seasonal migrations are the availability of drinking water for livestock and herders, pasture, salt, and the incidence of disease. With the onset of the Gu rains, pastoralists disperse widely to exploit pastures that in drier times are inaccesible for lack of water. Movement into the Haud and other parts of the Ogaden and into Northeastern Kenya is not uncommon, but most of it is within shorter ranges. As surface water dries up, the pastoralists are forced to come closer to permanent watering points and areas with known feed resources. In the absence of regular mineral and salt for the animals, the pastoralists try to avoid mineral deficiencies by moving their herds for a short period into areas where salt concentrations are found in the soil. Livestock owners try to avoid areas that are infested by tsetse fly, the transmitter of Trypanosomiasis; however, some of the best dry season grazing in the river valleys is infested with tsetse. Under famine conditions, pastoralists will run the risk of trypanosomiasis infection to save their herds from starvation. In the dry season, the pastoralists of the coastal lowlands move to the plateau to avoid the heat and the dusty winds. 1.05 The range of nomadic movement is influenced by livestock water requirements. During the dry season, animals must be watered with approxi- mately the following frequencies: Equivalent safe Days between grazing distance watering from water days km Camels 20 70 Goats 6 20 Sheep 5 15 Cattle 2 15 As a result, the animals tend to be herded in different groups. Cattle and sheep are normally herded by women and children close to the dry season watering point, goats and milking camels are herded up to 20 km away from the water also by women and children, and camels plus a small number of milking camels are herded further away from the water under the charge of the young men. 1.06 The location of attractive markets for surplus stock is a further determinant of migrations. In the South, cattle move towards the slaughter- houses and ports of Kismayo and Mogadishu. But in the northern and central areas north of Belet Uen, camels, sheep and goats and some cattle move northwest towards the export staging Hargeisa-Burao-Berbera triangle. Local producer prices are attractive in comparison to prices in neighboring Kenya and Ethiopia, and there is no longer an outflow across the border as was the case some years ago. -4- ANNEX 1 Page 3 1.07 Most of the nomads keep a mixture of livestock species (camels, cattle, sheep and goats) in their herds. Three subsystems may be identified: (i) Camels, Goats and Sheep are predominant in the five northern regions; typically the family unit keeps about 7-10 camels, 40-100 sheep and goats, and very few cattle; half the livestock units are camels; sheep and goats constitute about 20% each of total animal units (see Tables 3 and 4). (ii) Camels, Cattle, Sheep and Goats: In the Central Rangelands and in the inter-riverine area (Gedo, Bakool), camels are still the dominant species but cattle are more important than small ruminants; pastoral families typically keep 10-20 camels, 5-13 cattle, and 20-90 sheep and goats. (iii) Cattle, Camels, Sheep and Goats: In the Juba and Shebelli River Valleys, cattle are the most important livestock species followed by camels; sheep and goats are comparatively unimportant. Typically a nomadic household would keep 6-13 head of cattle, 4-5 camels and 3-30 sheep and goats. 1.08 A species mix is preferred by livestock producers, in order to minimize risks and maximize benefits, but they seldom keep more than three species for ease of management. A species mix has several advantages. First, the feeding habits of different species vary, and a mixture offers an even exploitation of available vegetation; the camel predominantly browses higher trees, the goat lower bush, cattle graze tall grass while sheep prefer short grass. Second, the different classes of stock serve different economic purposes in the nomadic herd: camels are kept for milk production and as transport animals, sheep and goats produce subsistence meat and are sources of small amounts of cash, and cattle are kept for milk and market livestock production in higher potential areas. Third, these classes of stock have different biological coefficients and drought