ICC-01/04-01/07-3138-Anx3 08-09-2011 1/246 CB T ICC-01/04-01/07-HNE-56 ICC-01/04-01/07-3138-Anx3 08-09-2011 2/246 CB T UNITED NATIONS International Tribunal for the Case No. IT-98-30/1-T Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of Date: 2 November 2001 International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Former Yugoslavia since 1991 Original: English IN THE TRIAL CHAMBER Before: Judge Almiro Rodrigues, Presiding Judge Fouad Riad Judge Patricia Wald Registrar: Mr. Hans Holthuis PROSECUTOR v. MIROSLAV KVO^KA MILOJICA KOS MLA\O RADI] ZORAN ŽIGI] DRAGOLJUB PRCA] JUDGEMENT The Office of the Prosecutor: Ms. Susan Somers Mr. Kapila Waidyaratne Mr. Daniel Saxon Counsel for the Accused: Mr. Krstan Simi} for Mr. Kvo~ka Mr. @arko Nikoli} for Mr. Kos Mr. Toma Fila for Mr. Radi} Mr. Slobodan Stojanovi} for Mr. @igi} Mr. Jovan Simi} for Mr. Prca} Case No.: IT-98-30/1-T 2 November 2001 ICC-01/04-01/07-3138-Anx3 08-09-2011 3/246 CB T CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1 II. FACTUAL FINDINGS ................................................................................................................4 A. BACKGROUND, CONTEXT, AND FORMATION OF CAMPS............................................4 1. The Break-up of the SFRY ......................................................................................................4 2. The Prijedor Region.................................................................................................................5 3. The Creation of the Omarska, Keraterm, and Trnopolje Camps .............................................6 B. THE OMARSKA CAMP............................................................................................................9 1. Administration of the Omarska Camp .....................................................................................9 2. Conditions of Detention and Treatment in the Omarska Camp.............................................16 C. THE KERATERM AND TRNOPOLJE CAMPS....................................................................34 D. CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................35 III. APPLICABLE LAW AND LEGAL FINDINGS ...................................................................37 A. ARTICLES 3 AND 5 OF THE STATUTE ..............................................................................38 1. Prerequisites for Article 3 Crimes..........................................................................................38 2. Prerequisites for Article 5 Crimes..........................................................................................39 3. The Constituent Elements of the Offences Charged Under Articles 3 and 5.........................40 B. CUMULATIVE CONVICTIONS............................................................................................58 1. The Applicable Law...............................................................................................................58 2. The Application of the Test to the Concurrent Offences Specified in the Amended Indictment............................................................................................................................59 C. THEORIES OF RESPONSIBILITY........................................................................................64 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................64 2. Individual Responsibility Under Article 7(1).........................................................................65 3. Superior Responsibility Under Article 7(3)...........................................................................88 4. Conclusion – Omarska Camp – A Joint Criminal Enterprise................................................90 IV. CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ACCUSED ........................................................91 A. MIROSLAV KVO^KA ...........................................................................................................93 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................93 2. Personal Background of Kvo~ka............................................................................................94 3. Kvo~ka’s Arrival in the Omarska Camp................................................................................98 4. The Duration of Kvo~ka’s Stay in Omarska Camp................................................................99 5. Kvo~ka’s Duties and Position in the Camp..........................................................................101 6. Kvo~ka’s Knowledge of Camp Conditions and Abusive Treatment During His Time in the Camp............................................................................................................................106 7. Kvo~ka’s Ability and Attempts to Prevent Crimes or Alleviate Suffering..........................110 8. Was Kvocka’s Participation in Omarska Camp, a Joint Criminal Enterprise, Significant Enough to Incur Criminal Responsibility?........................................................................114 9. Criminal Responsibility of Miroslav Kvo~ka......................................................................116 B. DRAGOLJUB PRCA]...........................................................................................................120 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................120 2. Personal Background of Prca} .............................................................................................120 3. Prca}’s Arrival and the Duration of His Stay in Omarska Camp.........................................121 4. Prca}’s Duties and Position in the Camp.............................................................................122 5. Prca}’s Knowledge of the Camp Conditions and Abusive Treatment During His Time in the Camp............................................................................................................................126 6. Prca}’s Personal Involvement in Abuses.............................................................................129 Case No.: IT-98-30/1-T 2 November 2001 ICC-01/04-01/07-3138-Anx3 08-09-2011 4/246 CB T 7. Was Prca}’s Participation in Omarska Camp, a Joint Criminal Enterprise, Significant Enough to Incur Criminal Responsibility?.......................................................................131 8. Criminal Responsibility of Draglojub Prca}........................................................................132 C. MILOJICA KOS.....................................................................................................................134 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................134 2. Personal Background of Kos................................................................................................134 3. Kos’ Arrival and the Duration of His Stay in Omarska Camp.............................................134 4. Kos’ Duties and Position in the Omarska Camp..................................................................135 5. Kos’ Knowledge of Camp Conditions and Abusive Treatment During His Time in the Camp .................................................................................................................................138 6. Kos’ Personal and Direct Involvement in Abuses ...............................................................139 7. Was Kos’ Participation in Omarska Camp, a Joint Criminal Enterprise, Significant Enough to Incur Criminal Responsibility?........................................................................141 8. Criminal Responsibility of Milojica Kos.............................................................................142 D. MLA\O RADI] ....................................................................................................................144 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................144 2. Personal Background of Radic.............................................................................................144 3. Radi}’s Arrival and the Duration of His Stay in the Omarska Camp..................................145 4. Radic’s Duties and Position in the Camp.............................................................................145 5. Crimes Committed by Guards on Radic’s Shift...................................................................148 6. Radic’s Knowledge of the Camp Conditions and Abusive Treatment During His Time in the Camp............................................................................................................................151 7. Radi}’s Personal Involvement in Sexual Violence..............................................................153 8. Was Radi}’s Participation in the Omarska Camp, a Joint Criminal Enterprise, Significant Enough to Incur Criminal Responsibility?........................................................................157 9. Criminal Responsibility of Mla|o Radi} .............................................................................159 E. ZORAN @IGI]