L08: Low-Level I/O, C++ Preview CSE333, Summer 2018 Low-Level I/O – the POSIX Layer CSE 333 Summer 2018 Instructor: Hal Perkins Teaching Assistants: Renshu Gu William Kim Soumya Vasisht L08: Low-Level I/O, C++ Preview CSE333, Summer 2018 Lecture Outline v POSIX Lower-Level I/O 2 L08: Low-Level I/O, C++ Preview CSE333, Summer 2018 Remember This Picture? Your program v Your program can access many layers of APIs: C standard § C standard library POSIX library § POSIX compability API glibc § Underlying OS system calls Linux system calls architecture-independent code architecture-dependent code Linux kernel 3 L08: Low-Level I/O, C++ Preview CSE333, Summer 2018 C Standard Library File I/O v So far you’ve used the C standard library to access files § Use a provided FILE* stream abstracRon § fopen(), fread(), fwrite(), fclose(), fseek() v These are convenient and portable § They are buffered § They are implemented using lower-level OS calls 4 L08: Low-Level I/O, C++ Preview CSE333, Summer 2018 Lower-Level File Access v Most UNIX-en support a common set of lower-level file access APIs: POSIX – Portable Operang System Interface § open(), read(), write(), close(), lseek() • Similar in spirit to their f*() counterparts from C std lib • Lower-level and unbuffered compared to their counterparts • Also less convenient § You will have to use these to read file system directories and for network I/O, so we might as well learn them now 5 L08: Low-Level I/O, C++ Preview CSE333, Summer 2018 open()/close() v To open a file: § Pass in the filename and access mode • Similar to fopen() § Get back a “file descriptor” • Similar to FILE* from fopen(), but is just an int • Defaults: 0 is stdin, 1 is stdout, 2 is stderr #include <fcntl.h> // for open() #include <unistd.h> // for close() ... int fd = open("foo.txt", O_RDONLY); if (fd == -1) { perror("open failed"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } ... close(fd); 6 L08: Low-Level I/O, C++ Preview CSE333, Summer 2018 Reading from a File v ssize_tssize_t read(read(intint fdfd,, void*void* bufbuf,, size_tsize_t count);count); § Returns the number of bytes read • Might be fewer bytes than you requested (!!!) • Returns 0 if you’re already at the end-of-file • Returns -1 on error § read has some surprising error modes… 7 L08: Low-Level I/O, C++ Preview CSE333, Summer 2018 Read error modes v ssize_tssize_t read(read(intint fdfd,, void*void* bufbuf,, size_tsize_t count);count); § On error, read returns -1 and sets the global errno variable § You need to check errno to see what kind of error happened • EBADF: bad file descriptor • EFAULT: output buffer is not a valid address • EINTR: read was interrupted, please try again (ARGH!!!! ��) • And many others… 8 L08: Low-Level I/O, C++ Preview CSE333, Summer 2018 One way to read() � bytes int fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY); char* buf = ...; // buffer of appropriate size int bytes_left = n; int result; while (bytes_left > 0) { result = read(fd, buf + (n - bytes_left), bytes_left); if (result == -1) { if (errno != EINTR) { // a real error happened, so return an error result } // EINTR happened, so do nothing and try again continue; } else if (result == 0) { // EOF reached, so stop reading break; } bytes_left -= result; } close(fd); readN.c 10 L08: Low-Level I/O, C++ Preview CSE333, Summer 2018 Other Low-Level FuncTons v Read man pages to learn about: § write() – write data § fsync() – flush data to the underlying device § opendir(), readdir(), closedir() – deal with directory lisngs • Make sure you read the secRon 3 version (e.g. man 3 opendir) v A useful cheat sheet (from CMU): hgp://www.cs.cmu.edu/~guna/15-123S11/Lectures/Lecture24.pdf v More in secRons this week…. 11 .