The African liberation reader, Vol. 1: the anatomy of colonialism http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20039 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org The African liberation reader, Vol. 1: the anatomy of colonialism Author/Creator de Bragança, Aquino (editor); Wallerstein, Immanuel (editor) Publisher Zed Press (London) Date 1982 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Portugal, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Southern Africa (region), Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Angola, Namibia Coverage (temporal) 1950 - 1974 Source Northwestern University Libraries, Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, 320.9603 A2585, V. 1 Rights By kind permission of Sylvia Braganca, Immanuel Wallerstein, and Zed Books. Description VOLUME I: THE ANATOMY OF COLONIALISM includes: 1. The Anatomy of Colonialism. 2. The Portuguese Empire. 3. The Rule of White Settlers. 4. Roles of Various Classes and Groups in Colonial Society. 5. The Bourgeoisie. 6. Workers and Peasants. 7. Students. 8. Women. 9. The Modes of Cultural Oppression. 10. The Christian Churches. 11. Economic Inter-Relations of Southern Africa. Format extent 232 pages (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20039 http://www.aluka.org A1~:I[ A1~:I[ Africa na 320.9603 A2585 v.1 I ,4 &1I1~ / 41 IA D 2 Northwestern University Library Evanston, Illinois 60201 LII01 L The African Liberation Reader Edited by Aquino de Braganpa and Immanuel Wallerstein Brother from the West Brother from the West (How can we explain that you are our brother?) the world does not end at the threshold of your house nor at the stream which marks the border of your country nor in the sea in whose vastness you sometimes think that you have discovered the meaning of the infinite. Beyond your threshold, beyond the sea the great struggle continues. Men with warm eyes and hands as hard as the earth at night embrace their children and depart before the dawn. Many will not return. What does it matter? We are men tired of shackles. For us freedom is worth more than life. From you, brother, we expect and to you we offer not the hand of charity which misleads and humiliates but the hand of comradeship committed, conscious, How can you refuse, brother from the West? FRELIMO, 19 73 The African Liberation Reader Volume 1 The Anatomy of Colonialism Edited by Aquino de Braganpa and Immanuel Wallerstein Zed Press, 57 Caledonian Road, London N 1 9DN A-Fri[cAc Az5 5 V.l The African Liberation Reader was originally published in Portuguese; first published in English by Zed Press Ltd., 57 Caledonian Road, London NI 9DN in 1982. Copyright © Aquino de Braganca and Immanuel Wallerstein Copyedited by Beverley Brown Proofread by Stephen Gourlay, Rosamund Howe, Liz Hasthorpe and Anne Gourlay Typeset by Margaret Cole Cover design by Jacque Solomons Cover photo courtesy of International Defence and Aid Fund Printed by Krips Repro, Meppel, Holland All rights reserved U.S. Distributor Lawrence Hill and Co., 520 Riverside Avenue, Westport, Conn. 06880, USA British Library Catalogue in Publication Data The African liberation reader Vol. 1: The anatomy of colonialism 1. Africa-,-Sub-Saharan - Politics and government - Addresses, essays, lectures I. Braganca, Aquino de II. Wallerstein, Immanuel 320.9'67 JQ1872 ISBN 0-86232-067-4 The African Liberation Reader VOLUME I: THE ANATOMY OF COLONIALISM 1. The Anatomy of Colonialism 3 2. The Portuguese Empire 6 3. The Rule of White Settlers 38 4. Roles of Various Classes and Groups in Colonial Society 67 5. The Bourgeoisie 71 6. Workers and Peasants 83 7. Students 102 8. Women 124 9. The Modes of Cultural Oppression 138 10. The Christian Churches 167 11. Economic Inter-Relations of Southern Africa 187 VOLUME 2: THE NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS 1. Historic Roots 1 2. The Road to Armed Struggle 33 3. National Movements and the Class Struggle: Theory 79 4. National Movements and the Class Struggle: Practice 114 5. Racism and Anti-Racism 136 6. African Churches and the Movements 180 VOLUME 3: THE STRATEGY OF LIBERATION 1. The Enemy's Plans 1 2. The Enemy's Contradictions 47 3.ResponsestoReformism 72 4. What to Do About Bantustans 95 5. How to Collaborate with Other National Movements 115 6. How to Wage Warfare 133 7.ThePartyandtheArmy 162 8. The Struggle for Cultural Liberation 176 9. Conclusion 204 Publisher's Note Zed Press gratefully acknowledge a grant from the WCC Programme to Combat Racism towards the cost of typesetting this project. Zed Press also wishes to thank the Swedish International Development Authority for making possible the gift of copies of each of these 3 volumes to the liberation movements of Southern Africa. Contents Preface i Introduction iii 1. The Anatomy of Colonialism Editors' Introduction 3 Colonialism and Neo-Colonialism - FRELIMO 3 2. The Portuguese Empire Editors' Introduction 6 The Facts About Portugal's African Colonies - Abel Djassi (Amilcar Cabral) 7 Colonial Assimilation in Left Vocabulary - MAC 10 Why We Fight - FRELIMO 12 Portuguese Settlement in Angola - UPA 13 The Political Situation in Portugal and the Liberation Struggle in the Portuguese Colonies - L. de Almeida et al 14 A Parasite Country Par Excellence - MPLA 19 Caetano: No Essential Change - FRELIMO 22 Portuguese Colonialism in the Age of Imperialism CONCP 24 Portugal is Not an Imperialist Country - Amilcar Cabral 31 The Coup d'Etat of April 25 1974 - FRELIMO 34 3. The Rule of White Settlers Editors' Introduction 38 Race and Apartheid Power - ANC (South Africa) 39 Boers vs. Briton - Unity Movement 45 A New Type of Colonialism - SACP 48 The Multi-National Development Myth - SWAPO 52 Land: Rhodesia's Powder Keg - ZAPU 57 Manifesto - FROLIZI 60 Crime Against Humanity - ZANU 62 Rhodesia: Apartheid Is Already Here - ANC (Zimbabwe) 64 Achievements of the Pioneers - Southern Rhodesian Government 66 4. Roles of Various Classes and Groups in Colonial Society Editors' Introduction 67 History Before and After the Class Struggle - Amilcar Cabral 67 The Nation-Class - Amilcar Cabral 69 5. The Bourgeoisie Editors' Introduction 71 A Bourgeoisie? - Marcellino dos Santos 72 The Only Real Exploiters are Foreigners - George Nyandoro 74 The Problem of the Assimilados - MPLA 74 The Indifference of the Urban Petty Bourgeoisie Paulo Jorge 75 Two Groups of Assimilados - Viriato da Cruz 76 Hierarchy of Privilege in Portuguese Colonial Society Mario de Andrade 76 6. Workers and Peasants Editors' Introduction 83 The African Masses and the Working Class - ANC 84 Peasantry: The Key to the Liberation Struggle Unity Movement 86 Angolan War: Peasant and Northern in Origin - GRAE 87 Peasants - The Most Reliable Class - Jonas Savimbi 88 The Role of the Angolan Worker in the National Revolution - MPLA 89 Worker and Peasant Revolution - ZAPU 90 Social Basis of Nationalist Party Power - Paul Peterson (Basil February) 91 Workers Solidarity and Racism - George Silundika 101 7. Students Editors' Introduction 102 The Student and Revolution - ZAPU 103 Our Students - PAIGC 106 Participation of Students in the Struggle for National Liberation - Eduardo Mondlane 107 Mozambique Needs Elites - UNEMO 114 Producers and Students - Samora Machel 115 The Role of Students - Duncan. Innes 118 Black Student Policy Manifesto - SASO 120 Black Students and the South African Revolution ANC 123 8. Women Editors' Introduction 124 Women's Liberation - Zanele Dhlamini 124 A Fundamental Necessity of the Revolution - Samora Machel 132 9. The Modes of Cultural Oppression Editors' Introduction 138 Cultural Racism - MPLA 139 Culture in Chains - ANC 143 What is Lusotropicalism? - Buanga Fele (Mario de Andrade) 147 African Population - Growth Strangulation - ZAPU 153 Culture, Colonization and National Liberation Amilcar Cabral 157 10. The Christian Churches Editors' Introduction 167 Christian Missions Under Test - Eduardo Mondlane 168 The Role of the Church in Mozambique - Eduardo Mondlane 170 Christian Principles and Expediency - Joshua Nkomo 174 Vorster and the Christians - ANC 175 Pope - Ally of Salazar - MPLA 176 Appeal to the Bishops - CONCP 178 Change of Policy in the Vatican? - FRELIMO 180 The Christian Church and the Freedom Struggle ZAPU 183 11. Economic Inter-relations of Southern Africa Editors' Introduction 187 Mozambican Contract Labour in South Africa Eduardo Mondlane 188 Apartheid Expansionism - SWAPO 192 Smith, Sanctions, and Salazar - FRELIMO 196 South Africa's Stake in Angola - ANC 198 Portugal and South Africa: Competitive Monopolies MPLA 201 Preface This collection of documents was originally assembled by the editors in 1973-74 and completed just as the revolution in Portugal broke out in April 1974. This event, completed in 1975 by the independence of all the former Portuguese colonies in Africa, transformed the political situation in Southern Africa. We decided to proceed with the publication of this book in its Portuguese version, since independence in the former Portuguese colonies constituted a clear turning- point in the historical development of their national liberation movements.