Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2013 The Design and Validation of a Computational Rigid Body Model for Study of the Radial Head Cassandra Woodcock Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3277 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Cassandra Alan Woodcock, 2013 All Rights Reserved THE DESIGN AND VALIDATION OF A COMPUTATIONAL RIGID BODY MODEL FOR STUDY OF THE RADIAL HEAD A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biomedical Engineering at Virginia Commonwealth University by CASSANDRA ALAN WOODCOCK B.S. Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009 Director: JENNIFER S. WAYNE, Ph.D. Departments of Biomedical Engineering & Orthopaedic Surgery Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia December, 2013 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Much gratitude is due to a number of people whose support has made this thesis possible. First and foremost I thank Dr. Jennifer Wayne for providing me the opportunity to work in the Orthopaedic Research Laboratory. Her guidance, patience, and tireless time and direction have been priceless in the development of this research. Her mentorship not only in graduate school but also in my undergraduate studies helped guide me throughout my years at VCU. My lab mates in the Orthopaedic Research Lab also provided me with keen insight, many laughs, and an addiction to caffeine. For that, special thanks are extended to Meade Spratley, Ruchi Chande, Sean Higgins, Erika Matheis, Afsarul Mir and Johnny Owen. This journey would not have been complete without the love of my family and friends, whose steadfastness supported me outside of academia. Thank you to my parents Alan and Tammy as well as my sister Katey for their lifelong enthusiasm for my education, encouraging me through successes as well as frustrations. They have been constant supporters of each and every endeavor, and for that I am always grateful. I am also thankful for my close friends who encouraged me, offered advice, and occasionally provided a much-needed distraction; they go beyond the call of duty regularly and teach me often the true meaning of friendship. Finally, I thank my boyfriend Kendall for his patience and wisdom, his soft shoulder and the occasional late-night dinner delivery to the lab. He has always seen more in me that I could possibly see in myself and I push daily to live up to the person he believes me to be. Without the blessing of these incredible people in my life, I could never have reached this goal. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... vi Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................... viii 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Overview of Computational Modeling .......................................................................................... 1 1.2. Rigid Body Modeling of the Elbow ................................................................................................ 4 1.3. Radial Head Injuries and Treatments ............................................................................................ 4 1.4. Objectives.................................................................................................................................... 12 2. ELBOW ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ................................................................................................. 13 2.1. Bony Anatomy ............................................................................................................................. 13 2.2. Soft Tissue Anatomy ................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.1. Muscle Constraints .............................................................................................................. 20 2.2.2. Collateral Ligamentous Constraints .................................................................................... 22 2.2.3. Articular Joint Capsule ......................................................................................................... 26 2.2.4. Distal Ligamentous Constraints .......................................................................................... 28 2.3. Local Joint Characterization ........................................................................................................ 30 3. THREE-DIMENSIONAL BODY ACQUISITION AND SIMULATIONS ......................................................... 33 3.1. Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 33 3.2. Acquisition of 3D Bodies ............................................................................................................. 34 3.2.1. Masking and Preprocessing ................................................................................................ 34 3.2.2. Characterization of Bony Structures ................................................................................... 37 3.2.3. Sterolithography (STL) Files and Their Processing............................................................... 38 3.3. Model Simulation ........................................................................................................................ 41 3.3.1. Origins and Insertions ......................................................................................................... 42 3.3.2. Joint Characterization ......................................................................................................... 43 3.3.3. Local Coordinate Systems ................................................................................................... 47 3.4. Ligamentous and Capsular Constraints....................................................................................... 48 iii 3.4.1. Collateral Ligaments ........................................................................................................... 49 3.4.2. Distal Ligaments .................................................................................................................. 51 3.4.3. Joint Capsule ....................................................................................................................... 53 3.5. Motion Parameters ..................................................................................................................... 58 3.5.1. Mechanical Properties ........................................................................................................ 59 3.5.2. Ligament Modeling Expressions .......................................................................................... 60 3.6. Contact Parameters .................................................................................................................... 62 3.7. Solver Parameters ....................................................................................................................... 63 4. RADIOCAPITELLAR STABILITY WITH BI- AND MONOPOLAR RADIAL HEAD PROSTHETICS .................. 66 4.1. Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 66 4.2. Experimental Method ................................................................................................................. 67 4.3. Computational Method .............................................................................................................. 69 4.3.1. Overview ............................................................................................................................. 69 4.3.2. Materials Testing Apparatus ............................................................................................... 70 4.3.3. Radial Head Replacements ................................................................................................. 71 4.3.4. Computational Implementation of Experimental Setup ..................................................... 74 4.4. Results ......................................................................................................................................... 78 4.5. Discussion ...................................................................................................................................