OPEN ACCESS I S S N 2280- 4056 E-Journal of International and Comparative LABOUR STUDIES Volume 7, No. 1, January 2018 E-Journal of International and Comparative LABOUR STUDIES ADAPT International School of Higher Education in Labour and Industrial Relations Scientific Directors Lauren Appelbaum (USA), Greg Bamber (Australia), Stuart M. Basefsky, (United States), Daria V. Chernyaeva (Russia), Richard Croucher (United Kingdom), Maurizio del Conte (Italy), Tomas Davulis (Lithuania), Tayo Fashoyin (Nigeria), József Hajdu (Hungary), Ann Hodges (USA), Richard Hyman (United Kingdom), Maarten Keune (The Netherlands), Chris Leggett (Australia), Guglielmo Meardi, (United Kingdom), Shinya Ouchi (Japan), Massimo Pilati (Italy), Valeria Pulignano (Belgium), Michael Quinlan (Australia), Juan Raso Delgue (Uruguay), Raúl G. Saco Barrios (Peru), Alfredo Sánchez Castaneda (Mexico), Malcolm Sargeant (United Kingdom), Jean-Michel Servais (Belgium), Silvia Spattini (Italy), Michele Tiraboschi (Italy), Anil Verma (Canada), Stephen A. Woodbury (USA) Joint Managing Editors Malcolm Sargeant (Middlesex University, United Kingdom) Michele Tiraboschi (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy) Editorial Board Lilli Casano (Italy), Emanuele Ferragina (United Kingdom), Antonio Firinu (Italy), Valentina Franca (Slovenia), Erica Howard (United Kingdom), Karl Koch (United Kingdom), Attila Kun (Hungary), Felicity Lamm (New Zealand), Cristina Lincaru (Romania), Nikita Lyutov (Russia), Merle Muda (Estonia), Boaz Munga (Kenya), Peter Norlander (USA), John Opute (UK), Eleonora Peliza (Argentina), Daiva Petrylaite (Lithuania), Aidan Regan (Ireland), Marian Rizov (United Kingdom), Salma Slama (Tunisia), Francesca Sperotti (Italy), Barbara Winkler (Austria), Machilu Zimba (South Africa) Language Editor Pietro Manzella (ADAPT Senior Research Fellow) Book Review Editor Peter Norlander (UCLA Anderson School of Management) E-Journal of International and Comparative LABOUR STUDIES Volume 7, No. 1, January 2018 @ 2018 ADAPT University Press Online Publication of the ADAPT Series Registration No. 1609, 11 November 2001, Court of Modena www.adaptbulletin.eu The articles and the documents published in the E-Journal of International and Comparative LABOUR STUDIES are not copyrighted. The only requirement to make use of them is to cite their source, which should contain the following wording: @ 2018 ADAPT University Press. Index Contributions Francesco Seghezzi and Michele Tiraboschi, Italy’s Industry 4.0 Plan: An Analysis from a Labour Law Perspective .......................................................................................................1 Michela Riminucci, Industry 4.0 and Human Resources Development: A View from Japan .................................................................................................................................................... 30 Benjamin A. Olabimitan, David E. Okurame, Individual Differences in Interpersonal Deviance and the Mediating Role of Organizational Culture ......................................................... 44 Raúl Lorente Campos and Adoración Guam Hernández, The Process towards Labour Formalisation in Ecuador over the Last Decade ............................................................... 64 Răzvan Anghel, Particular Aspects Regarding the Separation of Working Time from Rest Time for Offshore Workers Under Romanian Legislation in light of the Requirements laid down in Directive 2003/88/EC .............................................................................................................. 88 Geoff Kennedy, From Competitive Corporatism to Embedded Austerity: Neoliberalism and Structural Reform in Greece during the Eurozone Crisis ............................................................. 104 Lilli Casano, Supporting Occupational Transitions in “The New Geography of Work”: Limits and Possible Developments of the Italian Labour Market Reform .............................................. 132 Commentary Aušra Bagdonaitė, Lithuanian Labour Reform: In Search of Balance ................................. 150 E-Journal of International and Comparative LABOUR STUDIES Volume 7, No. 1, January 2018 @ 2017 ADAPT University Press - ISSN 2280-4056 Italy’s Industry 4.0 Plan: An Analysis from a Labour Law Perspective1 Francesco Seghezzi and Michele Tiraboschi 2 Abstract Purpose. Examining the major challenges posed by Industry 4.0 to workers and employers (e.g. the crisis of subordination, the new roles of skills, the risk of technological unemployment, new decentralized and participatory forms of collective bargaining), this paper sets out to identify actions and perspectives to manage current changes, focusing on workers rather than on those technologies that will be used to work in the years to come. Design/methodology/approach. Industry 4.0 will be examined adopting a labour law perspective. In the authors’ opinion, labour law is not only tasked with providing protection and favouring production, but it has other important functions in historical and political terms. Findings. Labour law is not doomed to be set aside following the demise of Fordism, but it will innovate over time to enable and balance the new productive model underlying Industry 4.0. Research limitations/implications. The research contributes to the debate on the new functions of labour law in the Industry 4.0 era. Originality/value. The originality of the paper lies in its approach, which considers labour law in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. 1 The present paper summarises the findings of research conducted for the project INDUSTRY 4EU – Industry 4.0 for the future of manufacturing in the European Union, which was funded by the European Commission (Budget Heading 04.03.01.08) and promoted by Federmeccanica in collaboration with ADAPT (Italy), the Council of European Employers of the Metal, Engineering and Technology (Belgium), Nordbildung (Germany), and the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Slovenia (Slovenia). While the paper was the result of cooperation between the two authors, Francesco Seghezzi focused on the sociological and economic sections, while Michele Tiraboschi covered aspects related to labour law and industrial relations. 2 Francesco Seghezzi is Senior Fellow at the Association for international and Comparative Studies in the field of Labour Law and Industrial Relations ([email protected]) and Director of Fondazione ADAPT. Michele Tiraboschi is Full Professor of Labour Law at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italy) and ([email protected]) and ADAPT’s Scientific Coordinator. E-Journal of International and Comparative LABOUR STUDIES Volume 7, No. 1, January 2018 @ 2018 ADAPT University Press - ISSN 2280-4056 FRANCESCO SEGHEZZI AND MICHELE TIRABOSCHI 2 Paper type. Issues paper. Keywords: Industry 4.0, Labour Law, Industrial Relations. 1. Industry 4.0 has finally entered the public debate in Italy, though far later than in other OECD countries3. This has occurred as the effects of significant innovation on manufacturing processes, and goods and services from the spread of the Internet, and the entailing interdependence of the digital and the non-digital dimension increase4. Institutionally, a major contribution to Industry 4.0 and ensuing engagement on it was initiated by the preliminary survey and its analysis carried out in February 2016 by the Commission on Production, Trade and Tourism set up by Italy’s Lower Chamber5. The aim of this was to “define a national Industry 4.0 strategy” by “better framing the legal framework needed to promote its realisation”6. The parliamentary survey was 3 The debate on Industry 4.0 originated in Germany in 2006 with the presentation of the High- Tech Strategy – within which the Industry Science Research Alliance was created – the aim of which was to coordinate and provide funds to those committed to developing new technology. The strategy was then renewed in 2010 and renamed High-Tech Strategy 2020. The expression “Industry 4.0” comes from the German expression Industrie 4.0, which was employed for the first time in 2011 during the Hannover Messe. In January 2011, the promoting committee of the Industry Science Research Alliance started a project on Industrie 4.0 in cooperation with Acatech – the National Academy of Science and Engineering – and set up a team comprising Siegfried Dais (Robert Bosch GmbH) and Henning Kagermann, who was the President of Acatech. Over the same year, this wording was used by Wolfgang Wahlster – Director and CEO of the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence – during the opening speech of the Hannover Messe. The topic was also addressed by the European Parliament in the document “Industry 4.0. Digitalisation for productivity and growth” and in the Industry 4.0 Report produced in 2016 by the European Parliament ITRE Committee (Industry, Research and Energy). 4 Significant research on the topic includes the “Fabbrica 4.0” project carried out by Confindustria, “Indagine Industry 4.0” conducted by Federmeccanica and, more recently, the Position Paper on Industry 4.0 produced by the Department of Industry and Innovation of the Research Centre of Assolombarda Confindustria Milano, Monza e Brianza. As for academic work, mention should be made of Francesco Seghezzi and his pioneering work on the topic, specifically: Come cambia il lavoro nell’Industry 4.0?, Working Paper ADAPT, 23 marzo 2015, n. 172, Lavoro e relazioni industriali in Industry 4.0, in DRI, 2016, vol. XXVI, n. 1, 178-209, and L’impatto