Simulation of Solar Powered Absorption Cooling System for Buildings in Pakistan A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences 2016 Muhammad Asim School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering University of Manchester 1 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 7 Declaration ........................................................................................................................ 8 Copyright Statement .......................................................................................................... 9 Acknowledgement........................................................................................................... 10 List of Publications ......................................................................................................... 11 List of Tables .................................................................................................................. 12 List of Figures ................................................................................................................. 13 Abbreviations and Symbols ............................................................................................. 17 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................... 22 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 22 1.2 Energy .................................................................................................................. 22 1.3 World Energy ....................................................................................................... 23 1.4 Pakistan and Energy .............................................................................................. 25 1.4.1 Electricity Generation History ....................................................................... 27 1.4.2 Current Status and Future Plans .................................................................... 28 1.5 Impact of the Energy Crisis ................................................................................... 30 1.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 32 1.7 Aims and Objective ............................................................................................... 33 1.8 Structure of the Thesis .......................................................................................... 34 Chapter 2: Renewable Energy Resources in Pakistan ...................................................... 36 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 36 2.2 Renewable Energy Potential .................................................................................. 36 2.2.1 Wind Energy .................................................................................................. 36 2.2.2 Hydroelectric Energy ..................................................................................... 38 2.2.3 Solar Energy .................................................................................................. 39 2.3 Solar Energy Systems and Pakistan ....................................................................... 42 2.4 Current Status of Solar Energy Application ........................................................... 45 2.4.1 Photovoltaics ................................................................................................. 45 2.4.2 Solar Thermal ................................................................................................ 46 2.5 Institutional Infrastructure ..................................................................................... 47 2.5.1 Pakistan Council for Renewable Energy Technologies ................................... 48 2.5.2 Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) ............................................ 48 2.5.3 Educational Institutes .................................................................................... 48 2.5.4 Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) ............................................................. 49 2 2.6 Doctoral Research on Solar Energy Potential in Pakistan ...................................... 49 2.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 50 Chapter 3: Pakistan’s Climate and Buildings’ Energy ...................................................... 52 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 52 3.2 Geography of Pakistan .......................................................................................... 52 3.2.1 Population ..................................................................................................... 55 3.3 Climate of Pakistan ............................................................................................... 55 3.3.1 Temperature and Humidity ............................................................................ 56 3.4 Heat Index and Pakistan ........................................................................................ 57 3.5 Thermal Extremes in Pakistan ............................................................................... 59 3.6 Comfort Temperature ............................................................................................ 60 3.6.1 Standard Comfort Temperature ...................................................................... 60 3.6.2 Adaptive Thermal Comfort ............................................................................. 62 3.7 Building Energy in Pakistan .................................................................................. 65 3.7.1 Energy Efficient Buildings: ............................................................................ 66 3.7.2 Building Energy Code of Pakistan.................................................................. 67 3.7.3 Benefits of Introducing Building Energy Code in Pakistan ............................. 68 3.8 Case Study of Energy Efficiency Improvement in Existing Houses in Pakistan ..... 69 3.8.1 Results of the Case Study ............................................................................... 70 3.8.2 Findings on the Basis of Energy Efficient Housing Reports ............................ 74 3.9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 74 Chapter 4: Solar Cooling Systems ................................................................................... 76 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 76 4.2 Solar Electric Cooling ........................................................................................... 77 4.3 Solar Thermal Cooling .......................................................................................... 80 4.3.1 History of Solar Thermal Cooling Systems Development ................................ 81 4.3.2 World Solar Thermal Cooling Status 2014 and IEA Road Map 2050 .............. 82 4.3.3 Solar Thermal Cooling Systems ..................................................................... 82 4.4 Solar Thermal Collectors....................................................................................... 83 4.4.1 Stationary Collectors: .................................................................................... 84 4.4.2 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) ................................................................. 88 4.4.3 Comparison of Thermal Collectors ................................................................ 93 4.5 Thermal Cooling Systems ..................................................................................... 94 4.5.1 Absorption System.......................................................................................... 95 4.5.2 Adsorption System.......................................................................................... 97 3 4.5.3 Solid and Liquid Desiccant Cooling System ................................................... 98 4.5.4 Ejector System ............................................................................................. 103 4.6 Solar Cooling for Hot Climates ........................................................................... 104 4.6.1 Solar Cooling System Research for Pakistan and India ................................ 108 4.7 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 110 Chapter 5: Methodology ................................................................................................ 112 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 112 5.2 Experimental Study ............................................................................................. 113 5.2.1 Limitations of Experimental Study ................................................................ 115 5.3 Simulation Study................................................................................................. 116 5.3.1 Limitations of Simulation Study