MOD ET NORMKRITISK Towards a norm-critical Eurovision Song Contest Frederik Jørgen Kornelius Bjørk Kaptain | 115940 Kandidatafhandling | Cand.Soc. PKL. 15.05.2019 Vejleder | Jannick Friis Christensen Anslag 137.643 | Sider 78 Abstract The Eurovision Song Contest, or just Eurovision, emerged as a 1956 peace project aimed at bringing together a war-torn Europe. During the more than 60 years of competition, it has changed from being a small competition with quiet songs, to the world's largest, most extravagant, and most viewed song competition, and thus as a huge platform for political voices. In this thesis, I therefore seek to answer the question: How has Eurovision become an space of opportunity for norm-critical performances? and how is any space of opportunity attempted controlled by the European Broadcasting Union? To respond to this research question, it will first be analysed how Eurovision can be considered an affective event that, by virtue of being affective, opens an space of opportunity for norm-critical, or affective, performances. This analysis is based on Professor Sarah Ahmed's definition of affective events. Then, based on the French sociologist Michel Foucault, and his concept of genealogy, I will investigate how such a space of opportunity has historically been utilized, focusing on the performances that have been particularly norm- critical. From these two analyses, I can conclude how how an space of opportunity for norm- critical performances has emerged and has evolved. Here I can thus demonstrate the historical changes that have been made, from a kiss between Birthe Wilke and Gustav Winckler in 1957 being considered to be norm-breaking, to the bearded lady, Conchita Wurst, and her victory in 2014 was considered the norm for doing Eurovision. After this I will, in the final analyses, analyse how the European Broadcasting Union has historically tried to limit, or control, this space of opportunity. This is also done by using the genealogical level of analysis, in this analysis combined with Foucault's theories of technologies of self-management. Based on this analysis, I can conclude that the European Broadcasting Union has built up its set of rules as a combination of several technologies, where they can talk about the day-to-day responsibility of Eurovision as something that lies with the host country, while at the same time they can intervene directly if they see the need for this. Finally, I will conclude on how a space of potential for norm-critical performances in Eurovision has emerged as a combination of pressure from both European Broadcasting Union's wishes for how to “do Eurovision”, as well as what the juries are voting for to win Eurovision. Indholdsfortegnelse 1. INDLEDNING ................................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.1. PROBLEMFELT ............................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. PROBLEMFORMULERING .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 2. LÆSEVEJLEDNING ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 3. POSITIONERING ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 4. INTRODUKTION AF CASE OG GENSTANDSFELT ............................................................................................ 12 4.1. ESC ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 12 4.2. EBU’S REGELSÆT ........................................................................................................................................................................ 12 4.3. GENSTANDSFELT ......................................................................................................................................................................... 13 5. EMPIRI ......................................................................................................................................................................... 16 6. TEORI: AFFEKTIVE BEGIVENHEDER ................................................................................................................. 17 7. ANALYSESTRATEGI ................................................................................................................................................. 21 7.1. VIDENSKABSTEORI ...................................................................................................................................................................... 23 7.2. DEN GENEALOGISKE ANALYSESTRATEGI .................................................................................................................................. 25 7.2.1. Genealogi ............................................................................................................................................................................... 26 7.2.2. Norm-kritik ........................................................................................................................................................................... 28 7.2.3. Magt og selvstyrings-teknologier ................................................................................................................................ 32 8. ANALYSE: DET AFFEKTIVE EUROVISION ......................................................................................................... 35 9. ANALYSE: ET NORMKRITISK EUROVISION ...................................................................................................... 38 9.1. DE TIDLIGE ÅR ............................................................................................................................................................................. 38 9.2. POLITIK OG PROTESTER .............................................................................................................................................................. 42 9.3. SHOWTIME ................................................................................................................................................................................... 45 9.4. NORMKRITIKKENS ÆRA .............................................................................................................................................................. 49 9.5. DELKONKLUSION ......................................................................................................................................................................... 57 10. ANALYSE: REGELSÆT SOM STYRINGSTEKNOLOGI .................................................................................... 59 10.1. STYRINGSTEKNOLOGI ANALYSE .............................................................................................................................................. 59 10.2. DELKONKLUSION ...................................................................................................................................................................... 63 11. DISKUSSION ............................................................................................................................................................ 66 12. KONKLUSION .......................................................................................................................................................... 68 1/77 LITTERATURLISTE ...................................................................................................................................................... 71 BØGER: .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 71 ARTIKLER: ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 74 INTERNETKILDER: ............................................................................................................................................................................... 77 2/77 Kapitel 1: Introduktion 3/77 1. Indledning Det Europæiske Melodi Grand Prix, eller Eurovision Song Contest, i dette speciale fremover omtalt med forkortelsen ‘ESC’, blev grundlagt i 1956 (Internetkilde 1). ESC blev grundlagt i efterkrigsårene som et “fredsprojekt”, der havde til formål at samle et Europa, der var splittet efter 2. Verdenskrig (Ibid). ESC har sidenhen vokset sig til den største sangkonkurrence i verden, med over 186 millioner seer i 2018 (Internetkilde 2). ESC er samtidigt vokset fra i 1956 at have 7 deltagerlande, til i 2019 at have 42 deltagerlande (Internetkilde 3). Den store stigning i antallet af deltagende lande førte til at man i 2008 tilføjede to semifinaler, så alle lande kunne deltage på lige fod med hinanden, hvor det tidligere var sådan at de lande, der det forrige år havde den dårligste placering, ikke deltog i det efterfølgende år. Eurovision blev grundlagt af European Broadcasting