Black Warrior River Watershed Management Plan Table of Contents List of Figures . .vii Acknowledgements . .xi List of Contributors . .xiii Acronyms and Abbreviations . .xvii 1.Introduction . .1.1 A.Purpose of Plan . .1.3 B.Overview of Report . .1.4 2.Description of Watershed . .2.1 A.Geographic Location . .2.3 B.Watersheds . .2.5 C.Lakes and Rivers Within The Watershed . .2.10 D.Cities and Towns . .2.15 E.Locks and Dams . .2.18 F.Environmental Importance . .2.18 G.Climate . .2.24 H.Physical and Geological Features . .2.24 I.Cultural Importance . .2.35 Black Warrior River Watershed Management Plan i J.Land Use . .2.39 K.Population . .2.50 L.Economic Importance . .2.59 3.Sources of Impairment . .3.1 A.Stormwater Runoff Associated with Rapid Development and Related Construction . .3.3 B.Agricultural Activities . .3.4 C.Unpaved Public and Private Roads . .3.4 D.Silviculture Activities (Forestry) . .3.5 E.Road Construction . .3.5 F.Unreclaimed Abandoned Mine Land . .3.6 G.Large Watercraft Release of Sewage . .3.6 H.Urban Storm Water Runoff Containing Fertilizers and Detergents . .3.6 I.Sanitary Sewer Overflows . .3.7 J.Wastewater Treatment Discharges in Excess of NPDES Permit . .3.9 K.Failing Septic Systems . .3.10 L.Impervious Surface Polluted Runoff Containing Oil, Grease and Antifreeze . .3.10 4.Documented Impairments . .4.1 A.Erosion, Sediment and Siltation . .4.4 B.Organic Enrichment / Low Dissolved Oxygen . .4.7 C.Nutrients . .4.10 D.Pathogens . .4.11 E.Metals . .4.14 F.Ammonia . .4.17 G.Alteration of pH from Outside Sources . .4.18 H.Pesticides and Herbicides . .4.22 I.NPDES Discharges . .4.26 ii Black Warrior River Watershed Management Plan 5.Effects of Impairment . .5.1 A.Biology - Habitat Alteration . .5.3 B.Flooding . .5.12 C.Degraded Water Resources . .5.13 D.Decreased Production . .5.15 E.Human Health Threats . .5.19 6.Total Maximum Daily Loads and Tier 1 Waterbodies . .6.1 A.TMDL Calculation . .6.3 B.TMDLs in the Black Warrior River Basin . .6.4 C.Tier 1 Waterbodies Within the Black Warrior River Basin . .6.9 7.Water Quality Initiatives . .7.1 A.Federal Initiatives . .7.3 B.State Initiatives . .7.19 C.Local Initiatives . .7.28 D.Industry Initiatives . .7.39 E.Forestry Initiatives . .7.46 F.Non-Profits . .7.53 G.Citizens Initiatives . .7.64 8.Existing Programs and Mechanisms . .8.1 A.Federal Regulations . .8.3 B.State Regulations . .8.13 C.Voluntary Programs . .8.22 D.Tax Incentives . .8.27 E.Other Programs . .8.28 9.Strategy for Protection . .9.1 A.Strategies for Protection . .9.3 B.Flooding . .9.29 Black Warrior River Watershed Management Plan iii 10.Current Research and Future Research Needs . .10.1 A.Additional Data and Monitoring . .10.3 B.Existing Research and Monitoring . .10.12 Appendix A: Watershed Characteristics . .A.1 1.Average Annual Precipitation in Inches . .A.3 2.Average Annual Temperature . .A.5 3.Cultural Resources . .A.7 4.Ecoregions . .A.11 5.Minerals . .A.13 6.Soil Maps . .A.15 7.Soil Types . .A.17 Appendix B:Sources of Impairments . .A.23 8.Current Construction Permits . .A.25 9.Historical Construction Permits . .A.27 10.Public Water Suppliers . .A.29 11.Jefferson County Waste Water Treatment Plants . .A.31 12.Waste Water Treatment Plants Within the Black Warrior River Basin . .A.33 13.Mining - Current . .A.35 14.Mining - Historical . .A.37 Appendix C:Impairments . .A.39 15.Agricultural BMPs . .A.41 16.Alabama Power Erosion Hot Spots . .A.43 17.CAFO - Historical . .A.47 18.CAFO - Current . .A.49 19.NPDES List of Major Dischargers . .A.51 20.NPDES Storm Water Discharge Permits . .A.55 21.Pesticides and Herbicides . ..