Bruno Petzold The Classification of Buddhism Bukkyo Kyohan Comprising The Classification of Buddhist Doctrines in India, China and Japan In collaboration with Shinsho Hanayama edited by Shohei Ichimura 1995 Harrassowitz Verlag • Wiesbaden Table of Contents PREFACE ' xiii EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION xix PARTI GENERAL INTRODUCTION : 3 CHAPTER ONE Classification in General As Found in the Natural and Moral World 5 §1. Definition of the Concept of "Classification" 5 §2. Popular Classifications: Spontaneous and Conscious 6 §3. Scientific Classifications, Artificial and Natural 8 §4. Erroneous and Fallacious Classifications 22 §5. Appreciation of the Classifications 28 §6. The Classification of Religions 29 CHAPTER TWO Buddhist Classifications and Classifying Thought 33 §1. Origin and Intent of the Buddhist Classifications 33 §2. The Classificatory Concept in Buddhism Compared with that of Christianity 42 CHAPTER THREE Hon-gaku-Mon and Shi-kaku-Mon 50 §1. Buddhist Endeavours at Classification, Past and Modern 50 §2. Hon-gaku-mon: the Fountainhead of Buddhist Religiosity ; 62 §3. Hon-gaku-mon and Shi-kaku-mon Compared with Western Religious and Philosophical Conceptions 70 PART II INDIAN BUDDHISM AND CLASSIFICATION 87 CHAPTER FOUR The Original Source of Classifications in the Works of Indian Buddhist Masters 89 §1. A Contrast between Indian and Chinese Mentality as to the Principles of Classification 89 §2. Rudimentary Classifications in Ancient Indian Buddhism 90 §3. Classifications Introduced or Influenced by Non-Chinese Scholar-Monks 95 PART III CHINESE BUDDHISM: PRIMITIVE CHINESE CLASSIFICATIONS 101 vi Table of Contents CHAPTER FIVE Introduction to the Five Groups of Classification in the Namboku-cho Era 103 §1. Buddhism in the Southern and Northern Dynasties 103 §2. The Classifications as Recorded in Buddhist Literature 116 CHAPTER SLX Absolute General Classification 127 §1. The Itton-gyo or One Voice Teaching of Kumarajiva 127 §2. The Itton-gyo or One Voice Teaching of Bodhiruci 131 §3. Bodhiruci's Theory of One Period Teaching 138 §4. The Classification According to Doctrinal Differences 140 CHAPTER SEVEN Relative, Theoretical, Essential, General Classifications 143 §1. Two Teachings of the World and the World Beyond 143 §2. The Two Teachings of the Great and the Small Vehicle 150 §3. The Division of Existence and Emptiness (U and Ku), Phenomenal Form and No-Form (U-so and Mu-so) 157 CHAPTER EIGHT Relative, Theoretical, Formative, Methodical Classifications 161 §1. The Four Classifying Ideas 161 §2. Three Teachings of Gradual, Sudden, Perfect, or Undetermined (San-Shu- Kyo) 167,, CHAPTER NINE Relative, Theoretical, Formative, Periodical Classifications 170 §1. Introduction to the Seven Classifications Developed on Three Textual Bases 170 §2. The Nehan Line Classification 172 §3. The Hokke Line Classification 185 §4. The Gejin-mitsu Line Classification 190 CHAPTER TEN Relative, Theoretical, Essential, Special Classifications 193 §1. The Nature of Classification Based on Doctrinal Principles 193 §2. Three Dharma Wheels (Sam-bo-rin) and Four Teachings (Shi-Kyo) 194 §3. Five School and Six School Classifications 202 §4. Shi-jo-kyo or the Teaching of the Four Vehicles by Houn 207 §5. Go-kyo or the Five Teachings by Prabhakaramitra 209 Overall Conclusion for Part Three 210 PARTIV CHINESE TENDAI SYSTEM 211 CHAPTER ELEVEN . Five Period Classifications 213 §1. Introduction to the Five Periods and Eight Teachings (Go-ji HakkyS) as Relative Classifications 213 §2. The Five Period Teachings (Go-ji-Kyo) 214 §3. The Five Periods and Their Durations 221 §4. The Meaning of the Hokke-kyo in Hon-Jaku-Ni-Mon 225 Table of Contents vii §5. The Meaning of Go-mi Theory in Tendai Go-ji Classification 227 CHAPTER TWELVE Four Methodical Teachings of Conversion 229 §1. The Meaning of the Four Methodical Teachings 229 §2. The Textual Foundation of Ke-gi Shi-kyo 234 §3. Historical Development of the Four Methodical Teachings 242 §4. Critique of the Four Methodical Teachings 245 §5. Western Scholars' Evaluation of Buddhist Methods of Teaching 252 CHAPTER THIRTEEN The Four Theoretical Teachings of Conversion 258 §1. The Four Doctrinal Principles 258 §2. The Textual Foundation of Ke-ho Shi-kyo 262 §3. The Four Theoretical Teachings Summarized 269 §4. Ke-ho Shi-kyo within the System of Tendai Kyohan 273 CHAPTER FOURTEEN Historical Consideration and Critiques of Tendai Classification 279 §1. The Foundations for Tendai Daishi's Classification as Found in the Namboku-cho Era Classifications 279 §2. Major Historical Figures and Tendai Classification 284 §3 Critiques of the Tendai Kyohan or Go-ji Hakkyo 291 PARTV THE SANRON SYSTEM 297 CHAPTER FIFTEEN The Sanron Classification 299 §1. Introduction 299 §2. The Sanron School and Its Teaching 300 §3. The Sanron Classifications in General 308 §3. The Relative Classification .'. 313 PART VI THE HOSSO SYSTEM , 323 CHAPTER SLXTEEN General Survey of Hosso Philosophy 325 §1. The Origination of the Universe by Mind-only 325 §2. Alaya-vijnana and the Theory of Seeds (Bija) 329 §3. The Separateness of Nature and Form 332 §4. The Doctrine of Predestination 337 §5. The Hosso View on the Absolute and the Attainment of Buddha-hood 341 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN HossS Philosophy and Other Buddhist Systems and Textual Sources 348 §1. Yogacara (Hosso), Madhyamika (Sanron), and Sarvastivada (Kusha) Schools of Philosophy 348 §2. Sutras and Sastras Regarded as Authoritative in the Hosso School 354 §3. The Idealism of the J6-yui-shiki-ron as Distinct from that of the Kishin-ron 356 viii Table of Contents CHAPTER EIGHTEEN The Hosso Classification 364 §1. The Hosso School and Its Classifications 364 §2. San-sho, San-mu-sho, and Middle Path 369 §3. Critical Points in the Three Period Classification 379 §4. The Eight School Classification 386 PART VII THE KEGON SYSTEM 393 CHAPTER NINETEEN The Kegon Five Teaching Classification 395 §1. Introduction to The Kegon Classifications 395 §2. The Common Gate Classifications According to Other Thinkers 402 §3. The Special Gate Classifications According to Genju Daishi's Own Mind 406 CHAPTER TWENTY The Kegon Classification of Ten Schools • 417 §1. The Outline of the Ten School Classification 417 §2. The Ten Schools Classified from the Doctrinal Point of View 425 CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE The Kegon Philosophy and Its Absolute Classification 444 §1. Kegon Philosophy Compared with That of the Tendai 444 §2. Kegon Philosophy and That of Hosso School 451 §3. Kegon Philosophy and That of Kishin-ron 453 §4. Kegon Philosophy and That of Kusha School 453 §5. Zettai Kyohan: Absolute Classification 454 PART VIII RITSU SYSTEM ....461 CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO The Classification of The Vinaya School 463 §1. Introduction to the Buddhist Concepts of Sila and Vinaya 463 §2. Chinese Buddhist Reorganization of Hinayana Sila and Vinaya Texts 466 §3. Chinese Buddhist Systematization of Mahayana Sila and Vinaya 472 §4. Historical Development of Mahayana Sila and Its Meaning 478 §5. Dosen's Ritsu Kyohan 482 PARTLX THE SHINGON SYSTEM 491 CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE The Twofold Classification of the Shingon School 493 §1. Introduction to the Twofold Shingon Classification 493 §2. The Classification of the Ten Stages of the Mind 500 §3. The Orthodox Explanations of the Vertical Classification 519 §4. The Classification of the Open and the Secret Doctrines 523 §5. A Poem by Saint Kakuban on the Differences Between the Open and the Secret Doctrines 529 Table of .Contents ix CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR Some Fundamental Shingon Doctrines in the Vertical and Horizontal Classifications ^\$T. 534 §1. The Two Parts of the Diamond and Womb Worlds 534 §2. The Six Greatnesses (Roku-dai) 535 §3. The Five Wisdoms or Go-Chi 540 §4. The Four Circles and the Four Seals 542 §5. Further Ingredients of the Mikkyo System 545 CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE Historical and Critical Remarks on the Shingon Classifications 551 §1. The Vertical Classification 551 §2. The Horizontal Classification 557 §3. Kobo Daishi's Classification Compared with Hegel's Classification 562 PARTX ESOTERIC TENDAI SYSTEM (TAI-MITSU) 569 CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX The Japanese Esoteric Tendai Classification 571 §1. Introduction 571 §2. The Absolute Classifications 575 §3. The Relative Classifications or Sotai-Mon no Kyohan 582 §4. The Third Relative Classification 595 PART XI THE NICHIREN SYSTEM 607 CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN Nichiren's Absolute Classification 609 §1. Introduction 609 §2. The Classification of Teaching (Kyo-ko) 612 §3. The Classification of the Audience's Capacity (Ki-Ko) .;. 614 §4. The Classification of Times or Periods (Ji-Ko) \. 619 §5. The Classification of Countries (Koku-Ko) 621 §6. Jo-K6 or the Classification of Order 624 CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT Nichiren's Relative Classifications 627 §1. The Fivefold Contrast Classification (Go-Ju-So-Tai) 627 §2. Fivefold Three Steps Classification (Go-Ju-San-Dan) 639 §3. The Fourfold Rising and Falling Classification 644 §4. Three Forms of Teaching (San-Shu-Kyo-S6) 647 §5. Go-Ji-Hakkyo Classification 652 CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE Nichiren's Position and the Japanese Tendai of the Middle Ages 668 §1. Characteristic Nature of Japanese Tendai Classification 668 §2. Hachi-Jii-no-Ku-Den or the Eight-fold Oral Transmission Attributed to JikakuDaishi 671 §3. The Absolute Nature of the Butchi (Butsu-i)-no-Go-Ji-Hakkyo Classification 675 Table of Contents §4. Nichiren's Classification of Hokke Myo-Ho as Superior and Tendai's Shi- kwan as Inferior ?h...L....v 680 §5. Critical Statements Regarding Nichiren's Classifications 687 PART XII ^^ THE JODO SYSTEM 691 CHAPTER THIRTY Jodo Classifications in India and China 693 §1. Introduction 693 §2. The Textual Basis of the Amida Cult and Its Introduction to China 694 §3. Jodo Classification by Indian Masters 697 §4. Jodo Patriarchs in China and Japan...: 701 §5. Evaluation of All Jodo Classifications Introduced Above 709 CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE Jodo-Shu. Classifications in Japan 711 §1. Development of Jodo Teaching and Classifications in Japan 711 §2. Honen Shonin (Genku) and His Classification 720 §3.