RESILIENT COMMUNITIES MURUPARA Ann Pomeroy Centre for Sustainability: Agriculture, Food, Energy and Environment University of Otago, Dunedin June 2016 Acknowledgements This project was funded by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, and sponsored by the Joint Centre for Disaster Research at Massey University and GNS Science. In addition to the support of Professor David Johnston Director of the Joint Centre, the Centre for Sustainability at Otago University, and my colleague Julie Warren, I would like to also thank the members of the Ngā Kaiwhakaruruhau o ngā taonga tuku iho/Murupara Oral Histories Steering Group particularly Awhina Rangitauira, Sylvia Tapuke and Te Waiti Rangiwai for their amazing aroha, support and guidance. Thanks also to the members of the Murupara Community Services Collective who were welcoming and open about issues and difficulties and showed such passion to make a positive difference. I am also indebted to iwi and Murupara residents who agreed to be interviewed. Disclaimer: While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information herein, and all reasonable skill and care has been exercised in the preparation of the information in this report, neither the Centre for Sustainability (CSAFE) nor the author accept any liability for error of fact or opinion which may be present, nor for the consequences of any decision based on this information, or arising out of the provision of information in this report. Cover photo: Google maps 2 CONTENTS: Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Disclaimer …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 2 PART 1: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………..……………………………………………... 6 Background and methodology …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7 The meaning of resilience ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9 Report Outline …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 PART 2: CONTEXT …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11 Early history …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12 Ngāti Manawa …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 13 The New Zealand Wars ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15 Land alienation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16 Agricultural development ……………………………………………………………………………………….…… 19 Forestry development …………………………………………………………………………………………….…… 21 Hydro-power development ……………………………………………………………………………………….… 23 Ngāti Whare …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23 Pākehā farming ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27 The timber towns …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………… 28 Colonial ethos and practices ……………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 31 Education ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 31 Indigenous Knowledge ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36 Employment ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37 PART 3: CURRENT SITUATION ………………………………………………………………………………………………..… 39 Numbers of people, ethnicity and iwi …………………………………………………………….…………………….… 39 Age profile ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………. 41 Education ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……… 43 Socio-economic status ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 45 Income ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 46 Employment …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… 51 Unpaid work ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 53 Recent advances …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 54 Murupara services ………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 56 Matahina-Minginui services ………………………………………………………………………………………… 58 Services from the user perspective …………………………..……………………………………….……….…………... 59 Rūnanga ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………….……… 62 3 PART 4: A RESILIENCE FRAMEWORK ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 66 Community resilience: risk reduction, readiness, response and recovery ………………………………… 67 Community empowerment and institutional relationships ………………………………………………………. 68 PART 5: INDIGENOUS RESILIENCE ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 70 Kaupapa Mäori …………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………… 70 Whenua ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 73 Marae ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 74 Tikanga …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75 Cultural connection ……………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………… 78 Te reo ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….. 79 Te reo Māori immersion schools ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 79 Kapa Haka ………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………..……………….. 82 Kuia and koroua .…………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… 83 PART 6: CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 85 Role of government …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 87 Mahi aroha ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 88 Lessons for Pākehā …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 88 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 89 GLOSSARY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 96 List of MAPS 1. Murupara Community Board Area …………………………………….…………………………….…………………… 11 2. Major tribal groupings in general locations ……………………………….……………………….………………… 12 3. Te rohe o Ngāti Manawa ……………………………………………………………..………………………..……………… 14 4. Ngāti Whare area of interest ………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… 24 5. Socio-economic deprivation 2013 …………………………………………………………….………………….………. 45 6a. Murupara Community Board area risk group 0-5 years………….………….………………………………… 45 6b. Murupara Community Board area risk group 6-14 years …………………..……………………………….. 45 7. Iwi recognised by the Crown for historic Treaty settlement purposes ……………………..………….. 63 List of TABLES 1. Population selected locations and iwi at various census dates …………………………..…………………. 39 2. Ethnicity of usually resident population at selected locations 2001-2013 ………………………..…… 39 3. Numbers of three iwi resident in Murupara, Matahina-Minginui and New Zealand …….……..… 40 4. Percentage of people able to hold a conversation in te reo Māori (2013) ………………………..…… 79 4 List of FIGURES 1. Proportion of three iwi usually resident in Murupara ………………………………………………………..… 40 2. Proportion of three iwi usually resident in Matahina-Minginui …………………….……….……………. 40 3. Age structure selected locations, iwi 1996-2013 …………………………………………….……….…………… 41 4. Median age selected places and iwi, 1996-2013 ………………………….………………………….…………… 41 5a. Population pyramid Murupara area unit 2001 ……………………….…………………………………………… 42 5b. Population pyramid Murupara area unit 2013 …………………………………………………………….…….. 42 6a. Population pyramid Matahina-Minginui area unit 2001...….………………………………….…….……… 42 6b. Population pyramid Matahina-Minginui area unit 2013 …………………………..………….…….….…… 42 7. Age profiles Murupara and Matahina-Minginui 2013 …………………………………………….……….…… 42 8a. Population pyramid Ngāti Manawa 2001 …………..………………………………………………….……….…… 43 8b. Population pyramid Ngāti Manawa 2013 ………..…………………………………………………………..…….. 43 9a. Population pyramid Ngāti Whare 2001 ………..…………………………………………………….….……..……. 43 9b. Population pyramid Ngāti Whare 2013 ………..…………………………………………………….….……..……. 43 10a. Highest qualifications usually resident population 15+yrs, 2013 ………………………………….…… 44 10b. Highest qualification profiles usually resident population 15+yrs, 2013 ….…………………..…… 44 11. Median personal income 2013, usually resident population 15+yrs ……………….…………………… 46 12. Median income Ngāti Manawa by sex (pop 15+yrs), 2013 ……………………………….………….……… 46 13. Distribution of personal income, usually resident pop 15+yrs, 2013…………………………….……… 47 14. Labour force status usually resident pop 15+yrs, 2013 .………………………………………………………. 47 15. Sources of household income, 2013 .………………………………………………..………………………………… 48 16. Access to vehicles, telecommunications, 2013 .…………………………………………………………………… 49 17. Tenure of usual residence, 2013 .………………………………………………………………………………………… 49 18. Change in access to telecommunications / vehicle 2001-2013 ……………….………………………….. 49 19. Hours worked per week employed usually resident population 15+ yrs, 2013 ……….………….. 50 20. Occupation of employed usually resident pop 15+ yrs, 2013 ………….………………………………….. 50 21. Murupara – employment by industry group usually resident pop 15+ yrs, 1981-2013 ……….. 51 22. Industry engagement of usually resident employed pop15+ yrs, 2013 ………………………………. 51 23. Employment status usually resident employed pop 15+ yrs. 2013 ………..……………………………. 52 24. Industry groupings of business units located in Murupara and Matahina-Minginui, various years 2001-2015 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 52 25. Family type of people in families living in private dwellings 2001-2013 ………………………………. 53 26. Engagement in unpaid work, 2013 ………………………………………………………………………………..……. 53 27. Murupara residents claim back their town from local gangs, 2009 ..………………………..…………. 55 28. Model of the inter-relationship of the key generic attributes of community resilience ………. 66 29. Importance of being engaged in Māori culture, 2013 …….…………………………………………….….... 78 30. Visited ancestral marae in previous 12 months, 2013 ………………………………..……..…………..…… 78 5 PART 1: INTRODUCTION Resilience is the ability of individuals, families, whānau1 (extended family), communities and institutions to cope and persevere through adverse conditions (e.g., a natural disaster or economic shock), and their ability to recover (‘bounce back’ or adjust to a changed post-event reality) and resume their lives. The period of adjustment and recovery may be weeks, but more often than not it is years, and in the case of Māori, resistance and perseverance has stretched