Unit-I Topics: Introduction |Duties of S.A | Booting and Shutdown Process| File System 1 | Salvi College| Prof:Sonu Raj |[email protected] |8080837038|8976249271 Q1. Short note on UNIX The UNIX operating system was originally developed at Bell Laboratories, once part of the telecommunications giant AT&T. UNIX has become a very popular multiuser, multitasking operating system for a wide variety of hardware platforms, from PC workstations to multiprocessor servers and supercomputers. UNIX is a trademark administered by The Open Group, and it refers to a computer operating system that conforms to a particular specification. This specification, known as The Single UNIX Specification, defines the names of, interfaces to, and behaviors of all mandatory UNIX operating system functions. The specification is largely a superset of an earlier series of specifications, the P1003, or POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) specifications, developed by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers). Q2. List linux distribution and explain any three in detail Following is list of different Linux distributions as follows: . Ubuntu . Fedora . CentOS / Red Hat Enterprise Linux . Linux Mint . Debian . OpenSUSE / SUSE Linux Enterprise . Puppy Linux . Mageia / Mandriva Ubuntu . Ubuntu is probably the most well-known Linux distribution. Ubuntu is based on Debian, but it has its own software repositories. The Ubuntu project has a focus on providing a solid desktop (and server) experience. Ubuntu is modern without being too bleeding edge. Fedora . Fedora is a project with a strong focus on free software. Fedora is bleeding edge and contains the latest versions of software. Unlike Ubuntu, Fedora doesn’t make its own desktop environment or other software. Instead, the Fedora project uses “upstream” software. CentOS / Red Hat Enterprise Linux . Red Hat Enterprise Linux is a commercial Linux distribution intended for servers and workstations. It’s based on the open-source Fedora project, but is designed to be a stable platform with long- term support. CentOS is a community project that takes the Red Hat Enterprise Linux code, removes all Red Hat’s trademarks, and makes it available for free use and distribution. Debian 2 | Salvi College| Prof:Sonu Raj |[email protected] |8080837038|8976249271 . Debian is an operating system composed only of free, open-source software. The Debian project has been operating since 1993 — over 20 years ago! This widely respected project is still releasing new versions of Debian, but it’s known for moving much more slowly than distributions like Ubuntu or Linux Mint. Debian and improve on them more quickly, packaging the software together into a user-friendly system that’s more frequently updated. Q3. Explain the duty of Linux system administrator in monitoring and tuning performance. The Linux System Administrator By definition, the Linux system administrator is the person who has “root” access, which is to say the one who is the system’s “super user” (or root user). Following is list of duties of System Administrator . Installing and Configuring Servers . Installing and Configuring Application Software . Creating and Maintaining User Accounts . Backing Up and Restoring Files . Monitoring and Tuning Performance . Configuring a Secure System Installing and Configuring Servers In the Linux world, the word server has a broader meaning than what we might be used to. For instance, the standard Red Hat graphical user interface (GUI) requires a graphical layer called XFree86. This is a server. It runs even on a standalone machine with one user account. It must be configured. In certain areas the client-server nomenclature can be confusing, though. While you cannot have a graphical desktop without an X server, you can have remote Web access without running a local Web server, remote FTP access without running a local FTP server, and email capabilities without ever starting a local mail server. We may want to use these servers, all of which are included in Red Hat; then again, maybe not. Whenever a server is connected to other machines outside our physical control, there are security implications to consider. We want our users to have easy access to the things they need, but we don’t want to open up the system we’re administering to the whole wide world. Linux distributions ship with all imaginable servers turned on by default. Just installing the operating system on the computer would install and configure with default parameters all the services available with the distribution. The duty falls to the system administrator. We need to know exactly which servers we need and how to employ them, and to be aware that it is bad practice and a potential security nightmare to enable services that the system isn’t using and doesn’t need. Installing and Configuring Application Software . Although it is possible for individual users to install some applications in their home directories drive space set aside for their own files and customizations these applications may not be available to other users without the intervention of the user who installed the program or the system administrator. 3 | Salvi College| Prof:Sonu Raj |[email protected] |8080837038|8976249271 .