FM 2-22.3 (FM 34-52) HUMAN INTELLIGENCE COLLECTOR OPERATIONS HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY September 2006 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. NOTE: All previous versions of this manual are obsolete. This document is identical in content to the version dated 6 September 2006. All previous versions of this manual should be destroyed in accordance with appropriate Army policies and regulations. This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) and General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at (www.train.army.mil). *FM 2-22.3 (FM 34-52) Field Manual Headquarters No. 2-22.3 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 6 September 2006 Human Intelligence Collector Operations Contents Page PREFACE ............................................................................................................... vi PART ONE HUMINT SUPPORT, PLANNING, AND MANAGEMENT Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1-1 Intelligence Battlefield Operating System .............................................................1-1 Intelligence Process..............................................................................................1-1 Human Intelligence ...............................................................................................1-4 HUMINT Source....................................................................................................1-4 HUMINT Collection and Related Activities ...........................................................1-7 Traits of a HUMINT Collector..............................................................................1-10 Required Areas of Knowledge ............................................................................1-12 Capabilities and Limitations ................................................................................1-13 Chapter 2 HUMAN INTELLIGENCE STRUCTURE ..............................................................2-1 Organization and Structure ...................................................................................2-1 HUMINT Control Organizations ............................................................................2-2 HUMINT Analysis and Production Organizations.................................................2-6 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. NOTE: All previous versions of this manual are obsolete. This document is identical in content to the version dated 6 September 2006. All previous versions of this manual should be destroyed in accordance with appropriate Army policies and regulations. *This publication supersedes FM 34-52, 28 September 1992, and ST 2-22.7, Tactical Human Intelligence and Counterintelligence Operations, April 2002. 6 September 2006 FM 2-22.3 i FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 3 HUMINT IN SUPPORT OF ARMY OPERATIONS.............................................. 3-1 Offensive Operations............................................................................................ 3-1 Defensive Operations ........................................................................................... 3-2 Stability and Reconstruction Operations ............................................................. 3-3 Civil Support Operations....................................................................................... 3-7 Military Operations in Urban Environment............................................................ 3-8 HUMINT Collection Environments........................................................................ 3-8 EAC HUMINT ....................................................................................................... 3-9 Joint, Combined, and DOD HUMINT Organizations .......................................... 3-10 Chapter 4 HUMINT OPERATIONS PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT............................... 4-1 HUMINT and the Operations Process.................................................................. 4-1 HUMINT Command and Control .......................................................................... 4-3 Technical Control.................................................................................................. 4-4 Command and Support Relationships.................................................................. 4-4 HUMINT Requirements Management.................................................................. 4-5 HUMINT Mission Planning ................................................................................. 4-15 Task Organization .............................................................................................. 4-18 Operational Considerations................................................................................ 4-19 Operations Plans, Operations Orders, and Annexes......................................... 4-21 Operational Coordination.................................................................................... 4-22 PART TWO HUMINT COLLECTION IN MILITARY SOURCE OPERATIONS Chapter 5 HUMINT COLLECTION ....................................................................................... 5-1 HUMINT Collection Operations ............................................................................ 5-1 Human Source Contact Operations ..................................................................... 5-2 Debriefing Operations........................................................................................... 5-7 Liaison Operations.............................................................................................. 5-12 Interrogation Operations..................................................................................... 5-13 Types of Interrogation Operations...................................................................... 5-27 PART THREE THE HUMINT COLLECTION PROCESS Chapter 6 SCREENING ....................................................................................................... 6-1 Human Source Screening .................................................................................... 6-1 Screening Operations........................................................................................... 6-2 Screening Process ............................................................................................... 6-9 Screening Methodologies................................................................................... 6-11 Screening Requirements.................................................................................... 6-12 6 September 2006 FM 2-22.3 ii FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________ Initial Data and Observations..............................................................................6-13 Source Assessment ............................................................................................6-14 Other Types of Screening Operations ................................................................6-15 Chapter 7 PLANNING AND PREPARATION .......................................................................7-1 Collection Objectives.............................................................................................7-1 Research...............................................................................................................7-1 HUMINT Collection Plan .......................................................................................7-8 Final Preparations...............................................................................................7-13 Chapter 8 APPROACH TECHNIQUES AND TERMINATION STRATEGIES......................8-1 Approach Phase....................................................................................................8-1 Developing Rapport ..............................................................................................8-3 Approach Techniques ...........................................................................................8-6 Approach Strategies for Interrogation.................................................................8-20 Approach Strategies for Debriefing.....................................................................8-21 Approach Strategies for Elicitation......................................................................8-22 Termination Phase..............................................................................................8-23 Chapter 9 QUESTIONING .....................................................................................................9-1 General Questioning Principles ............................................................................9-1 Direct Questions....................................................................................................9-1 Elicitation...............................................................................................................9-5 Leads.....................................................................................................................9-5 Detecting Deceit....................................................................................................9-6 HUMINT Collection Aids .......................................................................................9-9 Recording Techniques ..........................................................................................9-9