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ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE POLITICS OF CULTURE IN OTTAWA: THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF A MUNICIPAL CULTURAL POLICY 1939 -1988 By ANN LORETTO BENINGER, BA., B.Ed. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN CANADIAN STUDIES CARLETON UNIVERSITY OTTAWA, ONTARIO (January 2005) ©2005 Ann Loretto Beninger Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 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The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n’y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ■4-1 Canada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract For half a century, from 1939 to 1988, Ottawa’s local visual and performing arts community fought to win support for its activities from the City of Ottawa. National capital cultural institutions, funded by the federal government, received pride of place in funding, facilities, promotion and infrastructure support, and provided the capital city with “culture” at no cost to the municipality. In other cities, cultural interests pressed their municipal governments successfully for local theatres, music halls and civic art galleries. In Ottawa, there was less incentive to develop a local cultural infrastructure. A second arts industry in the capital, provided by the local sector, was considered redundant given die free, federal fare. This diesis describes and analyses the interaction and development over time of the key actors and events that led to municipal support for Ottawa’s local arts sector, a process which culminated in 1988 with the establishment of a municipal cultural policy. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgements A great many people made this study possible. My heartfelt thanks go to Professors John Taylor and Paul Litt, who gave generous amounts of time and practical advice, and remained cheerful and unflagging in their support I am eternally grateful to John Taylor and Ruth Kirk who took me in at the 11* hour when my apartment flooded. Special thanks to my friends and editors Janet Creery and Denise Elliott, and to Peter Beninger, Cici Cranston, Pat Crosley, Kathy Goodsell, and David LaFranchise. Very special thanks go to Serge Barbe at the Ottawa City Archives, and to Jerry Grace, archivist at the National Arts Centre, whose expertise guided my document searches. I’d also like to acknowledge the help of Nicole Zuger, Nancy Burgoyne, and Jonathon Browns with the City of Ottawa, Peter Honeywell with the Council for die Arts in Ottawa, Dawn Logan and Lawrence Freedman at the Ottawa Jewish Community Centre and Archives, Manon Charron at the Canadian Conference of the Arts, Jill LaForty at the CBC, and Barbara Norman and Anne Goddard at Library and Archives Canada. This project would not have been possible without the numerous people who agreed to be interviewed and who shared with me their opinions and memories about Ottawa’s political-cultural past Thank you to Caroline Andrew, Susan Annis, Margaret Bennett Barbara Clark, Michal Crawley, Rod Crawley, Eleanor Crowder, David Currie, Maria de Falco, Marion Dewar, Clive Doucet Pat Durr, Tibor Egervari, Robert Fox, John Gamer, Harvey Glatt, Garth Hampson, Andy Haydon, Merrilee Hodgins, Gordon Johnstone, Elaine Keillor, Pierre-Paul Lafreniere, Faye Loeb, Arthur McGregor, Peter Meggs, Joan Milliken, Jim Milne, Arthur Milner, Joe O’Brien, Janet Roy, Hamilton iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Southam, Jeff Stellick, Bill Stevens, Susanne Ure, Robert and Aline Van Dine, and Armand and Margaret Wiesbord. Much appreciation goes to Tatiana Tosic, who transcribed many of the interviews. Very special thanks to Mary Casaubon, Graduate Secretary for Canadian Studies, for her awesome administrativeabilities and her cheery smile that saved many a day. v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Title Page page j Acceptance Sheet Page \\ Abstract Page iii Acknowledgements page iv Table of Contents page vj Abbreviations List Page vii Introduction page i Chapter One (1939 - 1956) page 7 Chapter Two (1957 -1962) Page 43 Chapter Three (1963 -1967) Page 70 Chapter Four (1968 -1973) Page 95 Chapter Five (1974 -1978) Page 117 Chapter Six (1979 -1985) Page 152 Chapter Seven (1986 - 1988) Page 192 Conclusion Page 225 Appendix I: Interviews Page 232 Bibliography page 235 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABBREVIATIONS LIST AF of M American Federation of Musicians ANNPAC Association of Non-Profit Artists’ Centres CAO Council for the Arts in Ottawa C AC Cultural (Grants) Advisory Committee (for RMOC) CARFAC Canadian Artists Representation / Front des artistes canadiens CARO Canadian Artists Representation Ottawa CCA Canadian Conference of the Arts CRO Communautg rdgionale de I’Outaouais CRT Canadian Repertory Theatre DDF Dominion Drama Festival DND Department of National Defence EMC Encyclopaedia of Music in Canada, Second Edition FCA Federation of Canadian Artists FCM Federation of Canadian Municipalities FDC Federal District Commission FPA Festival of Performing Arts GCTC Great Canadian Theatre Company GGFG Governor General’s Foot Guards JCC Jewish Community Centre LTP Lakeside Theatre Productions MAG Mayor’s Advisory Group on Arts and Culture MCC Ministry of Citizenship and Culture (Ontario) NAC National Arts Centre NACO National Arts Centre Orchestra NCAA National Capital Arts Alliance NCC National Capital Commission NCJWO National Council of Jewish Women Ottawa NFB National Film Board NGC National Gallery of Canada NRC National Research Council OAC Ontario Arts Council OACF Ottawa Arts Centre Foundation OACF Ottawa Arts Court Foundation OBE Ottawa Board of Education (Public) OCA Ottawa City Archives OCAC Ottawa Carleton Arts Coalition OCCC Ottawa Carleton Cultural Council OCC Ottawa City Council ODL Ottawa Drama League OFAC Ottawa Folk Arts Council OLT Ottawa Little Theatre OMAC Ottawa Municipal Arts Centre OMDC Ottawa Municipal Drama Centre vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. OPO Ottawa Philharmonic Orchestra ORCSSB Ottawa Roman Catholic Separate School Board OSA Ottawa School of Art OTC