Notes and References The lines quoted in the Dedication on p. v are extracted from P. N. Fur­ bank, E. M. Forster: A Life (Seeker & Warburg, 1979) p. 100. Chapter 1 Present Tense: Moderates and Hooligans 1. Enoch Powell, BBC Television, 28 May 1981. 2. The Daily Mail, 7 July 1981. 3. The Daily Express, 7 July 1981. 4. Austin Haywood, Deputy Chief Constable of West Yorkshire, Bradford Telegraph andArgus, 17 April 1976,andMrJamesJardine, Chairman of the Police Federation, The Daily Telegraph, 16 March 1978. 5. Sir Keith Joseph, The Guardian, 21 October 1974. 6. A. Clarke and I. Taylor, 'Vandals, Pickets and Muggers: Television Coverage of Law and Order in the 1979 Election', Screen Education, August 1980. 7. Quoted in Social Work Today, 29 April 1976;and The Daily Mirror, 11 October 1978. 8. The Daily Mirror, 28 June 1978. 9. The Times, 26 April 1978. 10. The Daily Telegraph, 31 May 1979. 11. R. Mark,In the Office of Constable (Collins, 1978) p. 286. 12. The Daily Telegraph, 26 April 1978. 13. Report of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Constabulary, 1975 (HMSO, 1976) pp. 1-3,38-9. 14. The Guardian, 4 July 1979. 15. R. Mark, Minority Verdict (Police Federation Occasional Papers, 1973) p. 1. 16. The Daily Express, 6 October 1977. 17. T. A. Critchley, The Conquest of Violence (Constable, 1970) pp. 193,199. 18. Public Order (Conservative Political Centre, 1970) p. 26. 19. The Guardian, 22 September 1979. Notes and References 245 20. The Guardian, 21 October 1974. 21. How to Spot a Red Teacher (National Front, 1977). 22. Quoted in Social Work Today, 29 April 1976. Cf. R. Boyson, Down with the Poor (Churchill Press, 1971); T. Russell, The Tory Party (Penguin, 1978) pp. 103ff. 23. 'Flog the Girl Thugs', The Sun, 13 February 1976; 'Bring back stocks for hooligans, MP says', The Guardian, 14 March 1981. 24. Cf. G. Pearson, The Deviant Imagination (Macmillan, 1975) ch. 7 and Chapters 4, 5, 7 and 8 of the present work. 25. P. Morgan, Delinquent Fantasies (Temple Smith, 1978) p. 191. 26. The Daily Telegraph, 25 October 1979. 27. The Daily Mail, 30 August 1977. 28. The Diana Dors Column, 'Sex is getting out of hand!', Revue, 8 February 1980. 29. 'Rees attacks "dangerous" Maggie', The Daily Mail, 24 February 1978. 30. Merlyn Rees, BBC Television, 31 October 1978. Chapter 2 Twenty Years Ago: Teds Under the Bed 1. The Daily Mirror, 12 October 1978. 2. 78th Annual Conference (Conservative Political Centre, 1958) pp.95-102. 3. Ibid, pp. 97, 101-2. 4. Ibid, pp. 96-9. 5. Hansard, 27 October 1959. 6. Hansard, 10 March 1960. 7. Hansard, 6 May 1954 and 5 November 1959. 8. Youth Astray (Conservative Political Centre, 1946) p. 42. 9. The Responsible Society (Conservative Political Centre, 1959) p.60. 10. Ibid, pp. 59-62; Crime in the Sixties: A Bow Group Pamphlet {Conservative Political Centre, 1963} pp. 13,26-8; Crime Knows No Boundaries (Conservative Political Centre, 1966) pp. lIff. 11. A. Bryant, Foreword to P. Jephcott, Some Young People {Allen & Unwin} pp. 6-7. 12. The Adolescent {British Medical Association, 1961} p. 5. 13. Ibid, pp. 5-6. 14. King George's Jubilee Trust, Citizens of Tomorrow (Odhams, 1955) pp. 49, 52. 15. T. R. Fyvel, The Insecure Offenders (Penguin, 1963 edn) pp. 18, 24,63-5,147,212. Emphasis added. 16. The Adolescent, pp. 5-6. 246 Notes and References 17. Fyvel, The Insecure Offenders, p. 40. 18. Quoted in The Daily Express, 17 August 1977. 19. Mr R. A. Butler, addressing the 78th Annual Conference, p. 102. 20. Hansard, 6 May 1954. 21. For accounts of the Teddy Boy phenomenon, see Fyvel, The Insecure Offenders; P. Rock and S. Cohen, 'The Teddy Boy' in V. Bogdanor and R. Skidelsky (eds), The Age of Affluence, 1951- 1964 (Macmillan, 1970); H. Hopkins, The New Look (Secker & Warburg, 1964); T. Jefferson, 'The Teds: A Political Resurrection' in S. Hall and T. Jefferson, Resistance Through Rituals (Hutchin· son, 1976). 22. R. Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy (Penguin, 1958 edn) p. 248. 23. Ibid, p. 246. 24. For example, Hansard (3 February 1949, 16 February 1950, 9 March 1950, 23 March 1950,9 November 1950,24 July 1952 and 31 July 1952) where we hear of 'lustful and savage acts of cruelty and violence', 'this terrible wave of crimes', 'citizens ... robbed, maimed and murdered daily in our towns and cities' and that 'the degree of violence employed is becoming more brutal', etc., as well as allegations that army deserters were at the heart of the trouble, and that military training was responsible for in­ creasing violence. On army service, see also note 27 below. 25. Mass Observation, Puzzled People (Gollancz, 1947) p. 7; B. H. Reed, Eighty Thousand Adolescents (Allen & Unwin, 1950) pp. 173ff. 26. Mr Frank Beverley, Recorder of Bradford, in Bradford Telegraph and Argus, 11 July 1951. And here, another eye-catching headline: 'BLITZKRIEG BY BRADFORD CHILDREN: greenhouses and gardens wrecked at Rooley Lane', Bradford Telegraph and Argus, 5 June 1951. 27. King George's Jubilee Trust, Citizens of Tomorrow, p. 17; Social Problems of Postwar Youth (Economic Research Council, 1956). Cf. J. Trenaman, Out of Step: A Study of Young Delinquent Soldiers in Wartime (Methuen, 1952). 28. H. D. Willcock, Report on Juvenile Delinquency (Falcon, 1949) pp.46-50. 29. Bradford Telegraph and Argus, 8 August 1977. 30. The Daily Mail, 4 September 1956. 31. The Daily Mail, 5 September 1956. Chapter 3 Since the War: Past Perfect 1. G. Orwell, Coming up for Air, 1939 (Penguin, 1962 edn) pp. 27, 168. Notes and References 247 2. Ibid, pp. 106-7. 3. 'The Lion and the Unicorn' in G. Orwell, Collected Essays, Journa­ lism and Letters, vol. 2 (Penguin, 1970) pp. 79, 82. 4. 'The Decline of the English Murder' and 'Raffles and Miss Blandish', both in G. Orwell, Decline of the English Murder (Penguin, 1965) pp. 12,67-8. 5. Orwell, 'The Lion and the Unicorn', p. 75. 6. M. J. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850-1980 (Cambridge University Press, 1981). 7. T. S. Eliot, Notes Towards a Definition of Culture (Faber, 1962 edn) pp. 26-7, 103-8. 8. Q. D. Leavis, Fiction and the Reading Public (Chatto & Windus, 1932) pp. 151,211,231. 9. C. B. Cox and R. Boyson (eds), Black Paper 1977 (Temple Smith, 1977) p. 5. 10. F. R. Leavis, Mass Civilisation and Minority Culture (Minority Press, 1930) pp. 6-7; F. R. Leavis and D. Thompson, Culture and Environment (Chatto & Windus, 1933) p. 87. 11. R. and T. Calvert, The Law-Breaker (Routledge, 1933) pp. 60-1. 12. W. Elkin, English Juvenile Courts (Kegan Paul, 1938) p. 292. 13. A. E. Morgan, The Needs of Youth (Oxford University Press, 1939) pp. 166-7,190-1. 14. The Times, 4 January 1937. 15. The Times, 2 January 1937. 16. Reynolds's News, 8 November 1936. Forty years later, when Queen's Park Rangers fans staged a similar protest against the sale of a star player amidst Britain's 'winter of discontent', The Sun (24 February 1979) splashed a headline that contrived to get 'strike news' even on to the sports page: 'Soccer's first picket line'. 17. D. Russell and J. Reynolds, 'Sport Between the Wars', Bradford History Workshop, March 1980; R. Pardoe, The Battle of London: Arsenal versus Tottenham Hotspur (Stacey, 1972) p. xii. 18. Reynolds's News, 29 September 1935. 19. By comparison, there is ample documentation of football dis­ turbances before the First World War. See Chapter 4, notes 35-9. 20. A. J. P. Taylor, English History 1914-1945 (Penguin, 1970) pp. 237,392. 21. Leavis, Mass Civilisation, p. 9; G. Orwell, 'Review of "The Pub and the People" " 1943, in Collected Essays, vol. 3, p. 61. 22. C. E. B. Russell, The Problem of Juvenile Crime (Oxford University Press, 1917) p. 6 23. National Council of Public Morals, The Cinema (Williams & Norgate, 1917) pp. xxxiv, xxxviii. For early enquiries into the cinema, see 248 Notes and References Commission on Educational and Cultural Films, The Film in National Life (Allen & Unwin, 1932). 24. H. Redwood, God in the Slums (Hodder & Stoughton, 1932) 16th edn, p. 43. 25. H. A. Secretan, London Below Bridges (Bles, 1931) p. 85. Secretan also entertained a somewhat unusual fear that the Hollywood talkies were corrupting the true Cockney dialect. Cf. pp. 86-7. 26. Morgan, Needs of Youth, p. 242 27. Reynolds's News, 15 December 1935. 28. H. Fielding, An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers (Millar, 1751) p. 3. 29. Reynolds's News, 1 November 1931, 17 November 1935 and 20 December 1936. 30. Criminal Statistics for England and Wales 1928, Cmd. 3581 (HMSO, 1930) p. xiv. 31. Ibid, pp. xii-xiii. 32. Criminal Statistics for England and Wales 1935, Cmd. 5520 (HMSO, 1936), pp. xviiff; Report of the Departmental Committee on Corporal Punishment, Cmd. 5684 (HMSO, 1938); Corporal Punish­ ment, Cmnd. 1213 (HMSO, 1960) p. 31. Following a great upsurge in birching during the First World War, its use rapidly decreased and by the 1930s it was virtually abandoned in the cities, and birchings were almost entirely ordered by courts in small towns and country districts. See also Chapter 5, note 92. 33. Hansard, 8 March 1933. 34. Hansard, 30June 1933. 35. R. Mark,In the Office of Constable (Collins, 1978) pp. 28-9. 36. R. Samuel, East End Underworld (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981); J. P. Bean, The Sheffield Gang Wars (D & D Publications, 1981). 37. See, for example, complaints about 'socialist hooliganism' at the meetings of National candidates reported in Reynolds's News (10 November 1935) beneath the headline 'HOOLIGAN LIE'.