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In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA PhD program: ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY, CONSTRUCTION AND URBANISM PhD THESIS Refurbishment scenarios for post-war industrialized housing in Beograd THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF CATALONIA FOR THE DEGREE OF PhD Program TECNOLOGÍA EN LA ARQUITECTURA, EDIFICACIÓN Y URBANISMO Academic course: 2015-2016 Candidate Jelena Nikolic Thesis Supervisor Josep I. de Llorens Duran Copyright 2015, Jelena Nikolic Abstract The sustainability aspect of industrialized housing blocks is analyzed through the possibility of the Building Model (BM) to be upgraded (not demolished) on different levels of its composition. Flexible use and transformation capacity of BM may be a solution to convert massive housing into a more adaptable building. To provide a maximum of possibilities during the building lifespan, the flexibility issue needs to be analyzed on different levels of a building's composition. Integration of industrialized and prefabricated components, subsystems and systems into building models and joints technology will be analyzed to evaluate dependency conditions and ,accordingly, the possibility for transformations. The research project questions the flexibility-in-use provided by an overcapacity in the building structure. A massive housing adaptation process results in an excessive use of resources while the extra capacity may remain unused during the building lifespan. Physical characteristics of the BM are of interest: construction system, systems assemblies, components, materials, and joints technology. Keywords: massive housing, systems building, industrialized housing, building model, integrated prefabrication, transformation capacity, refurbishment scenario, Beograd. Summary Scientific justification for the thesis, the expected results of the research and practical application of the results The industrialized housing of post-war residential architecture and its special form of 'integrated' prefabrication between 1955 and 1985 in Beograd has been analyzed with special interest in the transformation capacity of these massive building models on spatial, technical and environmental levels for future retrofitting. The focal points of the research are industrialized post-war multi-unit housing buildings and their special form of prefabrication models based on integration of systems and components by simple joints. We call this integrated building models. We start with the analysis of the structural configuration of the integrated prefabricated systems (large panel and skeleton system) and the typology of spatial schemes of the housing layout and we put into correlation the following: the required adaptability of industrialized buildings on spatial, technical and energy efficiency level and the technological rules and values of the Building Model (BM). Industrialized Building Model (BM) is the system configuration based on a assembly of prefabricated components and subsystems according to the independent functional and technical levels. Considering the level of the functional, structural and physical dependency in this type of configuration, as well as the evaluation of integrated prefabricated housing systems for spatial and technical transformations, we will establish the measure in which the new integrated strategies and technical solutions based on simple and demountable dry joints, low energy incomes, sustainable materials and construction technology innovations are suitable for refurbishment of massive housing. The author has limited the study to post-war housing built in Beograd between 1955 and 1985, which permitted a more in-depth study of the sample buildings, their configuration model and their systems. Moreover, the social housing built between 1945 and 1955 was discarded due to the fact that they didn’t improve the sample as they were built in a conventional way. Also, the author has limited the study to the technical and technological aspects of industrialized housing. The urban level has been put aside due to the fact that is another complex subject of Novi Beograd that emerged from the conflict between “the two dominant ideologies of the postwar period: the modernist, or CIAM's dogma of functional city and political, Marxist – socialist dogma, in the context of the ruling system.”1(Blagojevic, 2007). On the specific level, the future study will deal with the problem of the individuals, which is, in the case of both dominant ideologies, neglected and marginalized. Also, will be treated the problem of open, free spaces in Novi Beograd and their inert filling. 1 1Ljiljana Blagojevic, Novi Beograd: Osporeni modernizam (Beograd: Zavod za udzbenike, Arhitektonski fakultet Univerziteta uBeogradu, Zavod za zastitu spomenika culture grada Beograda, 2007), 244 This research started with four hypotheses: The industrialized technology and prefabricated construction techniques for post-war multi-unit housing in Belgrade would prove to be the only ones capable of producing these buildings within the time frame and budgetary constraints. Industrial models of post-war housing do have enough flexibility and can make transformations on functional, structural and energy efficiency level for total building upgrading. Industrialized system configurations based on integration of prefabricated systems and components for main building parts (load-bearing, enclosing, partitioning and building facilities) are flexible configurations. This means that they can be upgraded on different functional and technical levels (façade and load-bearing structure are independent assemblies). Feasibility to create the concepts / strategies / models and scenarios for the rehabilitation of massive housing on the structural, functional and environmental level. The optimization approach to the refurbishment of massive structures will lead to the integration of energy efficient systems. These hypotheses have been corroborated in this project which consists of three main parts. First, the introduction to post-war industrialized housing architecture and main characteristics of “open” technology of prefabricated construction which was one of the countries' most succesfull products. Second, the current situation of post-war massive housing and its transformations as well as the main principles of the analysis of massive housing transformation capacity on different technical and functional levels. Third, the development of the integrated strategies for the massive housing rehabilitation process according to the principal value of flexible systems prefabrication. Main criteria for the selection of case-study projects were: i) integrated prefabrication systems applied for building structures; ii) the variety of prefabricated construction techniques applied; iii) the heterogeneous housing types; iv) variety of dwelling schemes; v) variety of building envelope solutions. This research allows the author to categorize the study content into three types of documents: i) a general study of more than 30 different Building Models in IMS, RAD-Balancy and Trudbenik prefabricated systems; ii) a detailed analysis of the most dominant construction systems used for post-war housing; iii) an in-depth study of the most representative integrated models built with each construction system. Following this