The American Institute for Conservation Small, Not Insignificant: a Specification for a Conservation Pamphlet Binding Structure Randy Silverman Randy Silverman is the Preservation Librarian of the Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. The illustrations are drawn by Shawn and Christopher Becker. Introduction The pamphlet binding is often regarded as an insignificant or ephemeral book structure, which has received little attention over the years in the professional bookbinding literature. An attitude prevails that a bookbinder capable of executing sophisticated and detailed bookbindings need only apply common sense to successfully execute a pamphlet binding. For this reason, little work has been done to examine the historical prototypes of pamphlet binding structures, nor, in fact, has the term "pamphlet binding" been adequately defined. This investigation grew out of a need to develop a specification for a durable, non-damaging pamphlet binding that could be easily produced in an in-house conservation facility. The search for a solution to this problem led to an investigation of the historical traditions of pamphlet binding. The result is an economical and aesthetically pleasing design specification for the binding of pamphlets, when binding is required,1 which conforms to the requirements of both rare and non-rare circulating pamphlet material. Definition of Terms The term "pamphlet" is derived from the main character of a 12th century love poem, Pamphilus seu de Amore, (Pamphilus, or Concerning Love). The poem owed much of its popularity to its comedic characterization of an old bawd named Pamphilus, and the term came to be associated with small pieces of popular writing.2 The New World of Words defined a pamphlet in 1706 as "a little stitch'd book."3 Johnson's Dictionary in 1755 defined it as "a small book, properly a book sold unbound, and only stitched."4 In current usage, the 1971 edition of The Oxford English Dictionary defined a pamphlet as "always (at least in later usage) unbound, with or without paper covers,"5 posing an apparent contradiction when applied to the combined term "pamphlet binding." Curiously, even the binding of telephone directories is considered pamphlet binding within the printing industry.6 To clarify the issue for the purposes of this paper, a pamphlet binding will be defined as: A thin book composed of between one and three folded sections, linked together by a sewing structure and bound as a permanent enclosure. This definition is broad enough to include the Nag Hammadi Codices, (though in 1 fact these are early manuscript books), which contain structural components pertinent to this discussion. Historical Overview Unbound Pamphlets The pamphlet contributed significantly to the rapid spread of knowledge which followed the invention of printing due to its availability, timeliness and the quantity in which it was produced.7 These often beautiful (if slapdash) Renaissance tracts were often issued unceremoniously unbound in folded sheets, though sometimes stitched (i.e. side sewn). As early as 1586 trade rules were established in England which limited the stabbing of books to material of less than five sheets decimo sexto. By 1704 a tax was imposed on pamphlets in England which redefined them as "printed matter of up to three sheets, regardless of the format." This tax was revised in 1712 to impose a two shilling duty on pamphlets.8 Based on observations made during a 1986 survey at Brigham Young University,9 unbound pamphlet material from the period 1547-1648 was frequently stitched using a simple two-hole pattern, although three, four, and five hole patterns were not uncommon. A few pamphlets were seen with stitched patterns consisting of a series of paired, parallel holes. Sewn pamphlets (i.e. through the fold) from the same period were common as well, some with paired holing patterns reminiscent of tacketing. Wrappers Simple blue paper wrappers of a utilitarian character seem to have become common by the first third of the 18th century,10 although the earliest date which this paper came into use has yet to be established. Despite the definition of a pamphlet as unbound, an occasional presentation pamphlet covered in ornate Dutch gilt or marbled paper was produced by the mid-18th century, as well as pamphlets with black paper wrappers for funeral sermons and elegies.11 Typically, a paper wrapper was merely pasted to the pamphlet's spine and tipped to the first and last leaves far enough beyond the shoulder to cover the stitching. Later, a more sophisticated technique was to sew the pamphlet to a plain white wrapper around which was pasted an ornamental sheet, the white sheet functioning as a simple endpaper. This type of pamphlet was occasionally sewn on cord supports which were frayed out between the endpaper and the wrapper. The structural similarity between this style of sophisticated wrapper, and later, simple pamphlet binding styles, suggests that true pamphlet bindings may have evolved from this style of wrapper. Pamphlet Bindings Pamphlet bindings seem to have developed as vernacular design, that is, everyday design carried out in a routine way without much conscious thought or formal planning. The style has developed and redeveloped as the need dictated, influenced by craft traditions, functional requirements, and aesthetic preferences. To a large degree pamphlet bindings have been used for material which, at one point at least, has been considered ephemeral, and as such have consistently been affected by economic constraints. Though elegant pamphlet bindings do exist, the style is, for the most part, a utilitarian covering. None the less interesting for this fact, pamphlet bindings are historically rich in material and structural variations, incorporating a wide range of minute, stylistic refinements. A surprisingly wide range of pamphlet binding styles and structural components were represented in the collection I surveyed. Though the collection primarily contained printed material from the mid- 16th through the 17th century, few of the bindings were contemporary with the pamphlets they housed. In fact, the majority of the bindings (with some notable exceptions) seem to have been produced no earlier than the last quarter of the 18th century. Whether this indicates a historical trend toward the increase of pamphlet binding production at this time, or merely a collection which contains a large proportion of rebound material cannot be answered without further research. 2 Examples were seen sewn on a variety of sewing supports, including between two and five cords or tapes, as well as thongs of vellum, leather or tawed skin. Both raised and recessed-cord sewing was represented. Pamphlets of two sections or more were sewn all along or two-on. The figure-eight stitch for sewing single section pamphlets through the fold was seen in from two to ten hole variations. One example of tacketing was observed. Endpaper styles included: wrapping endpapers (for single section pamphlets); folded endpapers tipped to the first and last leaves; endpapers with a hooked guard which wrapped around the first and last section; endpapers with cloth or leather hinges; and a wide variety of decorative, "made" endpapers. The methods of board attachment seemed to follow historical trends in hand bookbinding. Better quality work had the boards laced on with between two and five supports, sometimes in combination with false bands. Limp vellum styles were represented, occasionally with false laced-in vellum supports. Case work represented the most widely used later style. An interesting early style (for which I have no name) had the sewing tapes glued to the outside of the boards before being covered in full paper. The split board style was represented in the literature but was not observed in this survey. Covering materials spanned the gamut of historical bookbinding materials including: full vellum, leather, cloth or paper; quarter vellum, leather, or cloth; and cloth or paper sides, including some with vellum tips. Structural Analysis Many styles of bookbinding were found to be inappropriate for the pamphlets they housed because they incorporated either a form of endpaper which was tipped to the text, or an adhesive spine lining. A tipped endpaper is a detrimental form of attachment for thin material because the adhesive has the potential to stiffen and eventually skin the first and last leaves of the text when delamination occurs. Spine lining adhesives pointlessly restrict the openability of thin material and can also prove physically damaging to the pamphlet over time, or when removed. Fig. 1. L2 (endpaper hinge) put in TENSION when opened. L1 (covering material) put in COMPRESSION when opened. An example of an inappropriate bookbinding style for pamphlets is the case binding, which is poorly suited to bind thin material. Due to their slim dimensions, pamphlets require no rounding or backing, which eliminates the need for a shoulder or a French joint, and consequently eliminates the pleat (i.e. the French joint) in the hinge of the endpaper. Since the case binding is cased-in in the closed 3 position, it is at rest in that position. On opening, the outside covering material compresses in the hinge, while the endpaper is stretched (Fig. 1). The structure's point of critical wear is in the endpaper hinge, where a lack of flexibility results from the elimination of the endpaper pleat. Despite the lightweight nature of a pamphlet, the hinge in a case binding will eventually fail because the unified parts are not adequately flexible to accommodate the movement of opening. The case style can be constructed with a spine stiffener which creates an artificial French joint, as described by Diehl12 in 1936. This concept departs from a binding design which is a reflection of the pamphlet's form, and focuses primarily on the problem of titling a thin spine. If the thin dimensions of a pamphlet are allowed to express its own needs in terms of function, a single hinge design will emerge which allows the boards to open to a single fulcrum point without exerting an excessive amount of stress on the endpaper hinge or on the pamphlet proper.