Artical Name : Non-Religious Terrorism Artical Subject : Indicators and Causes of Spreading Racial Terrorism Across The World Publish Date: 11/11/2015 Auther Name: Mona Mustafa Subject : Contrary to common arguments that terrorism is closely connected to religious extremism, several types of racial terrorism targeting foreigners, and cultural and religious minorities have spread across a large number of countries. This is as a result of rising extremist rightist, nationalist and "Zionist" trends which, in terms of violent practices, contested traditional terrorist organizations.FIRST: Types of Racial TerrorismRacial terrorism is defined as types of armed and violent practices that are intended to terrorize the members of a certain race group, even if these members are foreigners or members of religious and ethnic groups themselves. The most notable types of racial terrorism are:1. Right-wing Terrorism: The US Department of Homeland Security (DHS), in coordination with the FBI, released an Intelligence Assessment report in February 2015, emphasizing that right-wing attacks have become the greatest terrorist threat to US citizens, an assertion backed by the global security database of New America (formerly the New America Foundation). This Assessment is based on a large body of law enforcement and open source reporting from DHS, state and local law enforcement, the FBI, court documents and the media. International security databases reveal that between 2002 and June 2015, twice as many people were killed by right-wing extremists and other non-Muslim extremists than by radical Islamists groups.As part of the rising activity of right-wing extremists in Europe, German extremists launched 175 racially-motivated attacks on refugee shelters in Germany in 2014 alone. The number of right-wing attacks surged during this year and went up to 173 between January-June 2015, with the arson that engulfed a refugee shelter in the German town of Troeglitz in April being the most serious such attack ever against refugees and asylum seekers.In the same context, Britain reported to the EU that in 2014, a large number of extremist rightist groups had renewed their activity to recruit youth through a variety of ways. Furthermore, in August 2014, France detected commando training camps run by extremist rightists in the Fontainebleau forest southeast of Paris. An online video posted by Prenons le maquis, a self-proclaimed "resistance group" showed military activities, including close combat, knife-fighting techniques and firearms training.Italy, another EU member, reported the arrest of 14 right-wing extremists in December 2014. The suspects belonged to a clandestine extremist group named Avanguardia Ordinovista. This group is reported to have planned attacks on politicians, prosecutors and police in order to undermine social stability. Within the framework of this investigation, a total of 31 houses were searched nationwide. In February 2014 Bulgarian police arrested more than 120 people in Plovdiv, after hundreds of right-wing knife-wielding extremists tried to storm a mosque and kill worshippers.2. Zionist Terrorism: In August 2015, Jewish settlers burned Palestinian toddler Ali Dawabshe when they set fire to his family house in the West Bank village of Duma, near Nablus. The crime of killing the 18-month-old Palestinian boy was only one in a series of terrorist acts perpetrated by both the State of Israel and Zionist settlers. "The Revolt", an extremist religious and right- wing Jewish group, threw firebombs on a number of Palestinian houses, including the Dawabshe's family home, and attacked Muslim mosques and Christian churches.Zionist settlers also committed individual crimes that were maybe more atrocious than crimes perpetrated by extremist organizations. In July 2014, six Zionist settlers kidnapped Palestinian teen Mohammed Abu Khdeir in East Jerusalem, and later three of them doused the 16 year old victim with petrol, burning him alive and even mutilating his body.Yesh Din, an Israeli human rights group, stated that between 2004 and 2015, Zionist settlers carried out more than 11,000 attacks against Palestinians. The rights group also documented 15 arson attacks carried out since 2008 by settlers against Palestinian families while they were sleeping.As for state terrorism, in its report titled µBlack Friday¶Carnage in Rafah during 2014 Israel/Gaza conflict, published in July 2015, Amnesty International stated that Israeli forces killed 1,492 Palestinian civilians, including 551 children. Other Israeli crimes documented in the report include bombardment of Gaza's largest hospital by heavy artillery.3. Nationalist Terrorism: The 2014 Global Terrorism Index 2014, released by the Sydney-based Institute for Economics and Peace, revealed that despite the fact that the number of religiously motivated terrorist groups has increased in the past 14 years, nationalist terrorist groups have been the most active in terms of the number of bombings and the ability to recruit new elements within their organizations.The Kurdistan Workers' Party, more commonly known as the PKK, is designated by a large number of countries, including EU members, as a terrorist organization after it expanded its activity to include Europe. According to the 2015 EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT 2015), produced by Europol, the PKK's active elements carried out activities to recruit Europe-based Kurds. In July 2015, the terrorist Kurdistan Workers' Party put an end to its truce with the Turkish government as it claimed responsibility for killing two Turkish police officers. The PKK was also suspected of being involved in bombing a Turkish army's convoy killing three soldiers and injuring six others on 16 August 2015.In Iran, a number of nationalist groups are active in the border triangle in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, including Jundallah - God's Army, otherwise known as the People's Resistance Movement of Iran (PMRI) - a militant group that has its military bases inside Iran but uses Pakistani territory sometimes to capture Iranian soldiers for ransom.Some regard this group as a resistance movement fighting the Iranian regime's persecution of the Sunnis despite its attacks against civilians. These attacks include a bombing of an October 2009 bomb attack in a marketplace in the city of Pishin in the Sistan and Baluchistan Province killing 40 civilians. The group also claimed responsibility for the 2010 suicide bomb attack inside the Iman Hussein Mosque in Chabahar, which killed an estimated 35 to 40 civilians, and attacked the 10/6/2021 3:29:28 PM 1 / 3 Grand Mosque in Zahedan, killing approximately 30 and injuring an estimated 300.SECOND: Explanations of the Racial Dimensions of TerrorismRacially motivated terrorism differs from other types of terrorism in terms of targets, nature of perpetrators and is based on a number of social and cultural motivations the most important of which are the following:1. Vicious Cycle of Violence: Some researchers addressing the issue argue that violence breeds violence, and even claim that the acts of racial terrorist groups are in fact their reproduction of the practices of states or some groups against them. For instance, some argue that terrorist acts perpetrated by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) are a reproduction of discriminatory practices against them, including the Turkish state's use of armed forces against civilian Kurds.This proposition holds true in the case of Iran where the state used violence against Sunni Muslims in Balochistan in a bid to obliterate their identity and eliminate the Baloch language and heritage. In the context of the Baloch minority's attempts to preserve its identity, the Jundallah group was established, but it resorted to armed violence only after Iranian authorities launched a crackdown on the Baloch activists and killed a member of the Rigi tribe, one of Sistan-Baluchistan¶s largest tribes, in front of his family in 2002, which was one of a series of practices that prompted his brother Abdolmalek Rigi to recruit Baluch youth and declare their violent struggle against the Iranian government.2. Dark Side of Social Capital: Although the common concept of social capital implies the strength of social ties and networks of trusts that ultimately result in continuous solidarity, some arguments note that dark social capital, which includes family relations and friendships within an organization, does increase terrorist organizations' ability to penetrate society and gain wide legitimacy.This can be clearly seen in the case of racial terrorist organizations which most often have individuals with close social ties. An empirical study revealed that social links between the members of the Jewish Underground, a Jewish terrorist organization formed by prominent members of the Israeli political movement Gush Emunim, significantly facilitated the creation of this organization. The study also shows that the organization's most successful attacks were carried out by individuals whose bonds were quite strong. This holds true in the case of terrorist nationalist and rightist groups which have various ties and share a common identity.On the other hand, the dark social capital itself thwarts any attempts to penetrate or break up these terrorist organizations because once their members sense any external threat, their internal solidarity becomes stronger.3. Economic Competition: Anti-immigrant sentiment in Europe is closely correlated with austerity measures imposed by the governments of some of the most stable economies, and is further fueled by statements of officials stressing that immigrants are the main cause behind most of the economic and social problems facing their country. One of the most outspoken statements in this context was given by British Foreign Secretary, Philip Hammond, who weighed in to the debate over migration claiming millions of "marauding" African migrants pose a threat to the EU¶s standards of living and social infrastructure Despite the fact that recipient counties do benefit from migrants with gains including cheap labor where their populations is aging rapidly, "brain gain" and increased tax revenue, immigration leads increased competition on resources.