HOME AUTOMATION AND POWER CONSERVATION USING ZIGBEE® by Michael G. DiBenedetto A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The College of Engineering and Computer Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida December 2009 ABSTRACT Author: Michael G. DiBenedetto Title: Home Automation and Power Conservation using ZigBee® Institution: Florida Atlantic University Thesis Advisor: Dr. Hanqi Zhuang Degree: Master of Science Year: 2009 The ZigBee standard is a wireless networking standard created and maintained by the ZigBee Alliance. The standard aims to provide an inexpensive, reliable, and efficient solution for wirelessly networked sensing and control products. The ZigBee Alliance is composed of over 300 member companies making use of the standard in different ways, ranging from energy management and efficiency, to RF remote controls, to health care products. Home automation is one market that greatly benefits from the use of ZigBee. With a focus on conserving home electricity use, a sample design is created to test a home automation network using Freescale's ZigBee platform. Multiple electrical designs are tested utilizing sensors ranging from proximity sensors to current sense transformers. Software is fashioned as well, creating a PC application that interacts with two ZigBee transceiver boards performing different home automation functions such as air conditioner and automatic lighting control. iii HOME AUTOMATION AND POWER CONSERVATION USING ZIGBEE® Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii Figures.............................................................................................................................. viii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 ZigBee ................................................................................................................................. 4 The ZigBee Alliance ..................................................................................................... 4 The ZigBee Standard .................................................................................................... 5 Network Topologies................................................................................................ 5 Node Types ............................................................................................................. 7 Coordinator ....................................................................................................... 7 Router ................................................................................................................ 7 End-Device ....................................................................................................... 8 Gateway ............................................................................................................ 8 Addressing .............................................................................................................. 9 Software Architecture ............................................................................................. 9 Application Level............................................................................................ 10 ZigBee Stack Level ......................................................................................... 11 Physical/Data Link Level ................................................................................ 13 Transmission Characteristics ................................................................................ 14 iv Frequency Bands ............................................................................................. 15 Phase-Shift Keying ......................................................................................... 16 Transmission Power ........................................................................................ 17 Range .............................................................................................................. 18 Latency ............................................................................................................ 20 Comparison with Other Standards ........................................................................ 21 Companies Making use of ZigBee .............................................................................. 25 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. .............................................................................. 25 ZigBee Uses ................................................................................................................ 29 ZigBee RF4CE ...................................................................................................... 31 ZigBee Smart Energy ............................................................................................ 32 ZigBee Health Care............................................................................................... 34 Home Automation ............................................................................................................. 36 Standards and Systems ................................................................................................ 37 Tasks ........................................................................................................................... 38 Power Conservation .......................................................................................................... 42 Statistics ...................................................................................................................... 42 Methods to Conserve Electrical Power ....................................................................... 46 Sample Design Experiment............................................................................................... 49 Planned Design ........................................................................................................... 49 Hardware Design and Testing ..................................................................................... 53 v Range .................................................................................................................... 54 Proximity Sensing ................................................................................................. 55 Current Sensing and Load Control ....................................................................... 57 Ambient Lighting and Temperature ...................................................................... 59 Air Conditioner Control ........................................................................................ 60 Software Design .......................................................................................................... 62 Remote Microcontroller ........................................................................................ 63 PC Connected Microcontroller ............................................................................. 64 PC Application ...................................................................................................... 66 Final Thoughts .................................................................................................................. 70 Appendix A ....................................................................................................................... 72 Appendix B ....................................................................................................................... 78 Appendix C ....................................................................................................................... 86 References ......................................................................................................................... 98 vi TABLES Table 1. ZigBee vs. Other Wireless Standards .................................................................22 Table 2. 2006 Residential Energy Use ...............................................................................43 vii FIGURES Figure 1. Network Topologies .............................................................................................6 Figure 2. ZigBee Software Architecture ............................................................................10 Figure 3. IEEE 802.15.4 Frequency Bands........................................................................15 Figure 4. Freescale MC13193 Architecture .......................................................................26 Figure 5. Freescale 1321X-SRB ........................................................................................50 Figure 6. Sample Design Setup ..........................................................................................51 Figure 7. Packet Error Rate Testing at ~75 feet .................................................................54 Figure 8. Proximity Sensor Diagram .................................................................................56 Figure 9. Current Sensing and Load Control Diagram ......................................................57 Figure 10. Current Measurement Calibration ....................................................................58 Figure 11. Ambient Lighting and Temperature Diagram ..................................................60 Figure 12. Air Conditioner Control Diagram ....................................................................61