Waste Water Management Challenges, & Requirements of Karachi Dr. Ghulam Murtaza Sr. Research Officer Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) Water Crisis Water crisis is among the top national risks affecting human health, national economy and socio-political stability. Pakistan ranks third in the world among countries likely to face acute water shortage in the foreseeable future. In Pakistan annually wastewater is produced 962,335 million gallons, 674,009 million gallons from municipal 288,326 million gallons from industrial 73% wastewater is of residential origin, 16% is contributed by agriculture sector, while 6% & 5% is respectively shared by the industrial & commercial sectors (PWSS, 2002). Water Crisis Karachi a city that accommodates 70% of Pakistan’s industry, approximately 70% of total wastewater discharge into the Arabian Sea without any form of treatment. Karachi has five major industrial estates with over 6,000 industrial units, only one industrial estate in Korangi has a combined effluent treatment plant (CETP), Most of the industries (including chemical, textile, soap and detergent, paints and varnishes, edible oils, automobile vending and cable and conductor manufacturing), dump toxic waste in an unauthorized and environmentally damaging manner. Water Supply in Karachi 18 towns of River Indus Karachi (Hyderabad) 148 Pumping Kotri Barrage Stations (K.B Feeder) Current water requirement: 1200 MGD Keenjhar Lake: 550 4 Filtration MGD Keenjar Lake plants (80% of total (Karachi) water supply) Hub Dam: 100 MGD Karachi city Dhabeji (through 3 Pumping conduits i.e. stations (520 Pipri, K-II & K- MGD) III) Fore-Bay Water Supply Filtration Capacity Filtration Plant /Pump House Capacity Pipri Filter Plant 140 MGD COD Filter Plant 140 MGD NEK Filter Plant (old) 20 MGD NEK Filter Plant (New) 100 MGD University reservoir 100 MGD Inter Connection Damlottee 20 MGD Total 520 MGD 30 MGD Gharo Filtration Plant 100 MGD Hub Dam (Manghopir Filtration Plant) KW&SB Claim: Total water Supply = 650 MGD Filtered water supply = 450 MGD Un-filtered (raw) water supply = 200 MGD Major Water Challenges Karachi is receiving Rapid population growth 650 MGD against demand of 1200 MGD (Imbalanced Demand and Supply) Intermittent water supply Illegal water connections and pipes Major Water Challenges Installation of un-authorized suction pumps on water main by un-scrupulous elements for Sub-standard construction of water storage tanks augmenting their water supply. and sewerage system Unhygienic situation at the premises of Parallel water supply and sewage lines water supply pumping station along with dumping of solid waste Major Water Challenges Poor condition of water supplied for drinking (Mixing of sewerage water with supply water at pumping stations) Lack of third party water quality surveillance system Illegal water connections, tanker and pipes mafia Major Water Challenges Deteriorating water quality of Keenjhar Lake due to In-discriminate disposal of raw-sewage, constant discharge of untreated industrial effluent in inadequate and defective sewerage system in the K.B Feeder located at SITE Kotri city. • Karachi is being supplied around 650 MGD and resultantly is producing more than 450 MGD sewage, which includes municipal, hospital and industrial liquid waste. • The entire sewage, which is mostly untreated, after going through different drainage channels fall in six nallahs/rivers viz. Lyari, Malir, Frere, Kalri, Railway and Nehar Khayyam. About 400 MGD untreated effluent fall into the Arabian sea. Major Water Challenges KPT: 475 MGD municipal & industrial sewage is being drained directly in and around Karachi harbor & coast line KPT is expending billions of rupees to keep the harbor clean Due to such effluent affected Sea Water Pollution (Fish Harbor) marine life, ecological biodiversity, mangroves, turned blue ocean water and red sand beach into grey murky water with black sand Decrease in pH values in harbor waters has chocked the cooling intakes & damages the ships. Untreated Wastewater Effluents Source: Report commission of Inquiry (SCP-2017) disposed of into Arabian Sea Karachi Major Water Challenges NIO: Six (06) Industrial Estates . Sindh Industrial Trading Estate . Korangi Industrial Estate . Landhi Industrial Estate . Bin Qasim Industrial Estate . Gharo Industrial Estate . North Karachi Industrial Estate Total: 6000 units All 6000 units dumping their waste untreated (directly or indirectly) in Karachi & Gharo Creek Area. Sea Water Pollution (Korangi SITE) Worst hit portions of Karachi coast are Harbor & Korangi/Phitti creeks (Effluent from Bin Qasim, Export Processing Zone, Pak-Steel Mill ) . Degradation Sea Water Quality . Habitat Loss . Metal Accumulation in Fish & Shrimp . High conc. of heavy metals i.e. Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Hg, Co and moderate level s of PAHs, PCBs, Pesticides & Dioxins has been recorded in marine Biota and sediments Waste Water disposal in to Sea ( Layari Nadi) Source: Report commission of Inquiry (SCP-2017) Major Water Challenges CETP Korangi Combined Effluent Treatment (6 MGD) Plant to treat 6 MGD effluent of Tanneries Korangi Being run by Pakistan Tanners Association and claim to be functional Efficiency of the plant not up to the mark Partially functional due to the unavailability of sewerage/ municipal waste water for mixing with industrial Sea Water Pollution (Korangi SITE) waste Non-provision of chemicals & required equipment(s) and technical staff etc Resultantly untreated tanneries effluent is going into Sea Sewerage Treatment Projects In Karachi S-III Project (KWSB): Greater Karachi Sewerage Plan S-III is the hallmark of activities. It is a comprehensive plan aiming at treatment of sewerage water, To ensure that not a single drop of untreated water to be discharged into the sea. Grey water, which can be utilized after treatment, for many purposes ranging from agriculture to industrial use. The plan has various components: STP-I (Haroonabad) STP-III (Maripur) STP-IV (Malir Basin) STP-V (Planned) Wastewater Treatment Projects in Karachi • Estimated wastewater generation: 450 MGD Greater Karachi Sewerage Plan S-III (KW&SB) STP-I (Haroonabad) Constructed in 1964 with capacity of 20 MGD (non-functional since 2013) Stage-I: Rehabilitation (51 MGD) – started in 2014 (70% completed, 2018) Stage-II Expansion (100 MGD) (was planned to be completed by June 2020) . NOT COMPLETED . WORK STOPPED Wastewater Treatment Projects in Karachi • Estimated wastewater generation: 450 MGD Greater Karachi Sewerage Plan S-III (KW&SB) STP-III (Maripur) Constructed in 1998 with capacity of 54 MGD Phase-I Rehabilitation/ Expansion (77 MGD) (with the intervention of Water Commission, the plant was made operational with a capacity of 77 MGD in July, 2018. Phase-II Expansion to attain capacity of 180 MGD (was planned to be completed by December 2019) • Not Completed • Work Stopped Waste water Treatment Projects in Karachi • Estimated wastewater generation: 450 MGD • Greater Karachi Sewerage Plan S-III (KW&SB) STP-IV (Malir Basin) 180 MGD A new Sewage Treatment Plant (STP –IV) with a capacity of 180 MGD proposed at Korangi to treat sewage from Malir Basin, Mehmoodabad areas and certain phases of DHA. The sewage coming to STP-II is also proposed to be diverted to STP-IV as rehabilitation of TP-II was not possible due to non-availability of plant land and excess to it. (Under progress Initially planned to be completed by December 2020) NOT COMPLETED Wastewater Treatment Projects in Karachi • Estimated wastewater generation: 450 MGD STP-V (Planned) 100 MGD treatment plant at Mai Kolachi by KPT) . A 100 MGD treatment plant (TP-V) at Mai Kolachi has been committed by Karachi Port Trust (KPT) in 2018. Expected time of completion was two years. This plant will cover the remaining parts of Karachi including Pitcher Nala, Kalri Nala, Nehre- Khayam, Cantonment and DHA areas. Not started Yet due to reservation of land issues Wastewater Treatment Projects in Karachi Establishment of Combined Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP) for Industrial Areas of Karachi including laying of Interceptor Sewers Finances: 50% (GoP); 50% (GoS) At initial stage since 2016 Sr. No. Location Capacity (MGD) 1 SITE Industrial Estate 19 2 Trans Lyari Industrial Area 27 3 F.B Area/ North Karachi 12 4 Korangi & Landhi Industrial Area 26 5 Super Highway SITE Phase-2 10 Total 94 MGD Shortage of funds (Pending approval from Executive Committee of National Economic Council (ECNEC) Wastewater Treatment Projects (Wet Land) Reed Bed Waste Water Treatment Sr. Area Location Capacity # (GPD) 1 Fateh Family Park, North 50,000 Nazimabad 2 Hill Park, Shaheed-e- Millat 100,000 Road 3 Talib-e-Chaman Park, North 50,000 Nazimabad 4 Hockey Ground Park 100,000 5 Orangi Family Park, near 100,000 Banaras Fly Over Constructed By: Karachi Sab Ka Consequences • Untreated disposal of wastewater and solid wastes dumping and polluted water is resulting in outbreaks of pneumonia, multi drug resistant typhoid, dengue and diarrhea • Fouling and unhygienic conditions in Karachi • Highly increased bottled water expenses • Serious risks to sea life (fish and aquatic plants) • Continues dumping waste into Arabia sea is a threat to Pakistan’s export. Water Quality Status of Karachi Water Quality Results (Karachi City) 118 107 (90.7%) 11(9.3%) Total Unsafe Safe Major contaminants: Turbidity, Total Coliform, Fecal coliforms/E.coli Required Actions • KW&SB shall prepare water distribution and sanitation Master Plan to meet the existing and future demand of the city. • Establishment of public-private partnership to set up wastewater treatment plant and sell the treated water to the industries monitoring by Government • The Sewage Treatment Plants are treating the sewage to meet the NEQS before discharging it into the sea. This Effluent may further treated by tertiary treatment to meet the quality requirements of water to make it suitable for use by the various industries to save the portable water of KW&SB for domestic uses. Government should explore this opportunity at appropriate level. • Combined Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP) are extremely vital for environment in all industrial zones/areas through joint venture of Government & Industrial Associations.