1BSUJDJQBUPSZBQQSPBDIFT UPUIFDPOTFSWBUJPOBOEVTF PGQMBOUHFOFUJDSFTPVSDFT &TCFSO'SJJT)BOTFOBOE#IVXPO4UIBQJU FEJUPST 1BSUJDJQBUPSZBQQSPBDIFT UPUIFDPOTFSWBUJPOBOEVTF PGQMBOUHFOFUJDSFTPVSDFT &TCFSO'SJJT)BOTFOBOE#IVXPO4UIBQJU FEJUPST 2 Participatory approaches to conservation and use of plant genetic resources The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an autonomous international sci- entific organization, supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). IPGRI’s mandate is to advance the conservation and use of genetic diversity for the well-being of present and future generations. IPGRI’s headquarters is based in Rome, Italy, with offices in another 19 countries worldwide. It operates through three programmes: (1) the Plant Genetic Resources Programme, (2) the CGIAR Genetic Resources Support Programme, and (3) the International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP). The international status of IPGRI is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by January 2000, had been signed and ratified by the Governments of Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritania, Morocco, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Ukraine. Financial support for the Research Agenda of IPGRI is provided by the Governments of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, F.R. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Lux- embourg, Macedonia (F.Y.R.), Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tur- key, the UK, the USA and by the Asian Development Bank, Common Fund for Commodities, Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), European Environment Agency (EEA), European Union, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Inter- national Development Research Centre (IDRC), International Fund for Agricultural Develop- ment (IFAD), Interamerican Development Bank, Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Nordic Genebank, Rockefeller Foundation, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), TBRI and the World Bank. The geographical designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IPGRI or the CGIAR concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Similarly, the views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of these participating organizations. Citation: Friis-Hansen, Esbern and Bhuwon Sthapit, editors. 2000. Participatory approaches to the con- servation and use of plant genetic resources. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. ISBN 92-9043-444-9 IPGRI Via delle Sette Chiese, 142 00145 Rome Italy © International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 2000 3 Contents Preface.....................................................................................................................5 Acknowledgements.................................................................................................6 Contributors.............................................................................................................7 Introduction............................................................................................................11 Esbern Friis-Hansen and Bhuwon Sthapit Section I. Crosscutting issues 1. Concepts and rationale of participatory approaches to conservation and use of plant genetic resources...............................................................................................16 Esbern Friis-Hansen and Bhuwon Sthapit 2. Institutional perspectives on participatory approaches to use and conservation of agrobiodiversity..................................................................................................................22 Conny Almekinders and Walter de Boef 3. A brief review of participatory tools and techniques for the conservation and use of plant genetic resources...............................................................................................27 Amanda King 4. Integrating gender analysis for participatory genetic resources management: technical relevance, equity and impact..................................................................................44 Maria Fernandez, Pratap Shrestha and Pablo Eyzaguirre Section II. Enhancing farmers’ access to plant genetic resources maintained ex situ 5. Overview................................................................................................................................54 Esbern Friis-Hansen and Bhuwon Sthapit 6. Participatory approaches linking farmers’ access to genebanks: Ethiopia..........................56 Melaku Worede, Awegechew Teshome and Tesfaye Tesemma 7. Linking the national genebank of Vietnam and farmers........................................................62 Nguyen Ngoc De 8. Toward establishing links between farmers and the ICRISAT genebank..............................69 Paula Bramel-Cox 9. Re-introducing crop genetic diversity in post-war Somalia...................................................75 Esbern Friis-Hansen, Dan Kiambi, Luigi Guarino and James Chweya Section III. Local plant genetic resources management and participatory crop improvement 10. Overview................................................................................................................................84 Bhuwon Sthapit and Esbern Friis-Hansen 11. Experiences in participatory approaches to crop improvement in Nepal..............................90 Anil Subedi, Krishna Joshi, Pratap Shrestha and Bhuwon Sthapit 4 Participatory approaches to conservation and use of plant genetic resources 12. Crop improvement at community level in Vietnam..............................................................103 Nguyen Ngoc De 13. Mass selection: a low-cost, widely applicable method for local crop improvement in Nepal and Mexico............................................................................................................111 Bhuwon Sthapit, Pratap Shrestha, Madhu Subedi and Fernando Castillo-Gonzales 14. Understanding farmers’ knowledge systems and decision-making: participatory techniques for rapid biodiversity assessment and intensive data plots in Nepal................117 Ram Rana, Pratap Shrestha, Dipak Rijal, Anil Subedi and Bhuwon Sthapit 15. Participatory approaches to a study of plant genetic resources management in Tanzania...........................................................................................................................127 Esbern Friis-Hansen 16. The role of gender in the conservation, location and management of genetic diversity in potatoes, tarwi and maize in Pocoata, Bolivia................................................................131 Lucio Iriarte, Litza Lizarte, Javier Franco, David Fernandez and Pablo Eyzaguirre Section IV. Participatory approaches for establishing community seed banks and improving local seed systems 17. Overview..............................................................................................................................140 Esbern Friis-Hansen and Bhuwon Sthapit 18. Community seed banks and seed exchange in Ethiopia: a farmer-led approach..............142 Regassa Feyissa 19. Seed conservation and management: participatory approaches of Nayakrishi Seed Network in Bangladesh..............................................................................................149 Farhad Mazhar 20. Local seed systems and PROINPA’s genebank: working to improve seed quality of traditional Andean potatoes in Bolivia and Peru..............................................................154 Victor Iriarte, Franz Terrazas Gino Aguirre and Graham Thiele Section V. Increasing public and policy awareness of conservation and use of plant genetic resources 21. Overview..............................................................................................................................164 Bhuwon Sthapit and Esbern Friis-Hansen 22. Adding value to landraces: community-based approaches for in situ conservation of plant genetic resources in Nepal...............................................................166 Dipak Rijal, Ram Rana, Anil Subedi and Bhuwon Sthapit 23. Participatory ethnobotanical research for biodiversity conservation: experiences from Northern Nagaland, India.......................................................................173 Archana Godbole 24. Linking to community development: using participatory approaches to in situ conservation........................................................................................................................181 P.V. Satheesh 25. Identifying and analyzing policy issues in plant genetic resources management: experiences