Entomology in Focus 2 Antônio R. Panizzi Jocélia Grazia Editors True Bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics Entomology in Focus Volume 2 Series editor Fernando L. Cônsoli , Piracicaba , Brazil Insects are the most common and widespread organisms on Earth, where they colonize the most diverse habitats and are part of our everyday life. Insects are important organisms in nature as they constitute an important source of nutrients in the diet of a number of invertebrates and vertebrates, having a direct impact on many food chains. Their contributions to natural environments are recognized as they are important in recycling nutrients and maintaining reproduction in several plants due to their role as pollinators. Insects are also recognized by their benefi cial and prejudicial interactions with humans. The benefi cial interactions involve the direct or indirect exploitation of insects as a source of food or secondary products, for example, while the prejudicial interactions involve the damage they cause to our cultivated plants and to the diseases they vector to humans, plants and animals. The book series Entomology in Focus is intended to accelerate our understanding on the diversity of insects and on their mode of life and ecology in ways to provide a broad understanding on how these organisms can affect our lives and how we can diminish their noxious effects and exploit the benefi ts they provide to nature and humans. Therefore, books in this series are expected to provide a comprehensive synthesis of basic and/or applied topics in the fi eld of Entomology. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10465 Antônio R. Panizzi • Jocélia Grazia Editors True Bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics Editors Antônio R. Panizzi Jocélia Grazia Laboratório de Entomologia Departamento de Zoologia Embrapa Trigo , Passo Fundo Instituto de Biociências RS , Brazil Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil ISSN 2405-853X ISSN 2405-8548 (electronic) Entomology in Focus ISBN 978-94-017-9860-0 ISBN 978-94-017-9861-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9861-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015950651 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 Chapters 10 and 16 was created within the capacity of an US governmental employment. US copyright protection does not apply. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dordrecht is part of Springer Science+Business Media ( www. springer.com ) C.W. Schaefer in Antônio’s offi ce – photo by Patrick De Clercq On April 29, 2015, we were shocked to learn the sad news that our friend and colleague Prof. Carl W. Schaefer had passed away. He will not see his nice chapter on Pyrrhocoridae/Largidae nor the one he co-authored on Alydidae published in this book. However, his legacy as a great heteropterist and as a great man will remain among us. We dedicate this book to Carl’s memory for all his contribution to the knowledge we have on true bugs. Foreword In entomology, the appearance of group specialists and comprehensive treatments often occurs at very long intervals, and the Heteroptera are no exception. The rea- sons for this phenomenon are easy to understand: too many insects and too few specialists to study them. This volume represents a real contribution in fi lling that inevitable gap. After receiving my PhD in 1971, I had the opportunity to teach in the Brazilian Federal University system for two academic years in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. Part of my responsibility was to work with a small group of students—bolsistas — on in-depth studies of insects. We often focused on Heteroptera, because that is the group that I knew best, and they served as excellent models for addressing broader questions in entomology. The search for suitable texts and teaching aids led me to two works in particular. On a general level it became clear that the single-volume, 1970 edition of the Insects of Australia , recently published by Melbourne University Press, was the reference of choice. It offered far and away the best family-level coverage of the Neotropical fauna because of the many shared faunal similarities of these two tremendously diverse Gondwana fragments. Nonetheless, at a more detailed level discussions of Australian species cited in the work were of little use in understanding the fauna of Brazil in general, or of Amazonia in particular. The work of recourse for understanding the details of Brazilian Heteroptera was the 351-page 1940 volume on Hemiptera, part of the classical Os Insetos do Brasil , a set of 12 volumes authored by Angelo Moreira da Costa Lima. Despite its tremen- dous popularity among entomologists in Brazil, the volume on Hemiptera (Heteroptera) was of limited utility. This is understandable considering Costa Lima is not a heteropterist per se but rather had a background as an applied entomologist and as a medical sanitarist working at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, the center for the study of the triatomine vectors of Chagas disease. He concentrated on few family groups, particularly those of greatest economic and human-health importance, doubtless a sign of the types of entomological studies he conducted and also the main priority at that time. Although it was more comprehensive than the enduring Hemiptera Argentina of Carlos Berg from the late 1880s, both works understand- ably presented far from what we now know to be the actual diversity of the vii viii Foreword Neotropical Heteroptera fauna. Also, at the time Costa Lima’s work was published, family-level nomenclature in the Heteroptera was in a state of fl ux as was our under- standing of relationships within the suborder; both of these issues inevitably led to the work becoming out of date. Therefore, I take great pleasure in welcoming the publication of True Bugs of the Neotropics , organized and edited by Antônio R. Panizzi and Jocélia Grazia. This impressive volume benefi ts from events that have taken place since the time of Costa Lima and of which we can now enjoy the full advantage. Standing out promi- nently is the cadre of young specialists who have contributed to this volume, many from the Neotropical Region and many inspired and trained by coeditor Grazia. Several of them have made real contributions in their own right, and much of that knowledge is summarized as part of their authorship contributions to this volume. The current authors have also had the benefi t of contributions made by authorities likely directly infl uenced by Os Insetos do Brasil . Three of those pioneering work- ers—heteropteran titans—who stand out in my mind are José C. M. Carvalho (Miridae), Herman Lent (Reduviidae, Triatominae), and Pedro Wygodzinsky (Dipsocoromorpha, Reduviidae). Users of this volume will benefi t from the uniformity of treatment across family groups, the digital revolution in photography and photocomposition, and the greatly improved knowledge of the Neotropical fauna that has resulted from extensive fi eld work, local and international collection development, and extensive revisionary work in almost every family of Heteroptera over the last 75 years. The current vol- ume provides the reader with up-to-date knowledge concerning the classifi cation, nomenclature, and biology of Neotropical taxa and offers a solid foundation for specialists, mentors, and students alike in their studies of the true bugs. My congratulations to the entire team whose knowledge and dedication have brought this volume to fruition. New York, NY, USA Randall T. Schuh January 2015 Pref ace The idea of making a book on the Heteroptera of the neotropics matured with time. Along the years, the two editors got together in several entomological congresses in Brazil and elsewhere, and, every time they met, they discussed about the need to publish a book on such matter. The initial idea was to publish a text on the stink bugs (Pentatomidae) of Brazil. This is understandable considering the background of the editors, ARP as a biologist and JG as a taxonomist, both working on pentatomids. Back in 2010, ARP was the president of the Entomological Society of Brazil (SEB), and the society started negotiations with Springer to publish its journal Neotropical Entomology . When the agreement was signed, another idea came out, now to start an Entomology Series Books with Springer, through the SEB, which would focus on any aspect related to entomology in the neotropics. With that on mind, we editors had a meeting with the senior publishing editor of Springer, Ing. Zuzana Bernhart. She welcomed our plan to publish a more comprehensive book to cover not only the stink bugs but all (most) families of Heteroptera, not only from Brazil but from the whole Neotropical Region.